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1. Introduction The most fundamental forcing term in the equation of motion that governs atmospheric dynamics is the pressure gradient force. In particular, it is the horizontal component of the pressure gradient force that is critical to the understanding of atmospheric motion. Typically, the horizontal component of the pressure gradient force (PGF) is four orders of magnitude smaller than the vertical component, yet is responsible for the forcing of nearly all atmospheric motions. Knowledge
1. Introduction The most fundamental forcing term in the equation of motion that governs atmospheric dynamics is the pressure gradient force. In particular, it is the horizontal component of the pressure gradient force that is critical to the understanding of atmospheric motion. Typically, the horizontal component of the pressure gradient force (PGF) is four orders of magnitude smaller than the vertical component, yet is responsible for the forcing of nearly all atmospheric motions. Knowledge
hydrodynamics lead to further errors in the predictions of water quality and biological parameters. One way to improve model performance is through continued model development and increases in grid resolution and the accuracy of forcing fields and parameterization schemes. Another way, which we apply here, is to integrate data from existing observing networks into the model through data assimilation, thereby making the model results more realistic. Oceanographic data assimilation has been performed for many
hydrodynamics lead to further errors in the predictions of water quality and biological parameters. One way to improve model performance is through continued model development and increases in grid resolution and the accuracy of forcing fields and parameterization schemes. Another way, which we apply here, is to integrate data from existing observing networks into the model through data assimilation, thereby making the model results more realistic. Oceanographic data assimilation has been performed for many
520 $OURNAL O,F ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME9The Effect of a CO2 Laser Pulse Shape on the Accuracy of DIAL Measurements AVISHAI BEN-DAVIDScience and Technology Corporation, Edgewood, Maryland ALAN P. FORCE, FRANCIS M. D'AMICO, AND SILVIO L. EMERYU.S. Army Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (Manuscript received 5 March 1991
520 $OURNAL O,F ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME9The Effect of a CO2 Laser Pulse Shape on the Accuracy of DIAL Measurements AVISHAI BEN-DAVIDScience and Technology Corporation, Edgewood, Maryland ALAN P. FORCE, FRANCIS M. D'AMICO, AND SILVIO L. EMERYU.S. Army Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (Manuscript received 5 March 1991
1. Introduction The interactions of aerosols with clouds represent a leading source of uncertainty in quantifying anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate globally since preindustrial times ( Solomon et al. 2007 ). Clouds are also reported to constitute the largest source of uncertainty in climate sensitivity to radiative forcing in current coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models ( Soden and Held 2006 ). In the tropics, differences in the predicted sensitivity of marine boundary layer clouds
1. Introduction The interactions of aerosols with clouds represent a leading source of uncertainty in quantifying anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate globally since preindustrial times ( Solomon et al. 2007 ). Clouds are also reported to constitute the largest source of uncertainty in climate sensitivity to radiative forcing in current coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models ( Soden and Held 2006 ). In the tropics, differences in the predicted sensitivity of marine boundary layer clouds
Performance Evaluation of Force Transducer for the Observation of Sediment Entrainment in Rapidly Varied Flowscritical shear stress and the critical velocity. Incipient motion and wave energy dissipation are traditionally predicted by bed shear stresses. For noncohesive sediments, the critical Shields number or the well-known Shields curve is widely used in practice and was initially proposed by Shields (1936) , who examined the forces exerted on a single grain at incipient motion under steady flows. The results suggested that sediment motion results from the destabilizing force of the shear stress exceeding
critical shear stress and the critical velocity. Incipient motion and wave energy dissipation are traditionally predicted by bed shear stresses. For noncohesive sediments, the critical Shields number or the well-known Shields curve is widely used in practice and was initially proposed by Shields (1936) , who examined the forces exerted on a single grain at incipient motion under steady flows. The results suggested that sediment motion results from the destabilizing force of the shear stress exceeding
Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) FluxByCldTyp Edition 4 Data Product1. Introduction One of the greatest challenges in climate model projections of warming in response to anthropogenic forcing is the representation of clouds and their interactions with Earth’s radiation budget in climate models ( Boucher et al. 2013 ). Cloud processes occur over a range of time and space scales, which makes them difficult to model. Climate models agree that feedbacks collectively amplify the surface temperature response to external forcing, but the strengths of the
1. Introduction One of the greatest challenges in climate model projections of warming in response to anthropogenic forcing is the representation of clouds and their interactions with Earth’s radiation budget in climate models ( Boucher et al. 2013 ). Cloud processes occur over a range of time and space scales, which makes them difficult to model. Climate models agree that feedbacks collectively amplify the surface temperature response to external forcing, but the strengths of the
data. A well-defined altimeter NRCS decrease with increasing QuikSCAT wind speed is observed up to hurricane force winds, but matchup data are lacking above this level. The dashed curve in Fig. 1 represents the Young (1993) model. It is clear this linear Geosat model lies near the data but slightly underestimates the NRCS saturation at highest winds. The proposed new high-wind altimeter model function branch, also shown in Fig. 1 , is again a linear model relating NRCS to 10-m wind speeds
data. A well-defined altimeter NRCS decrease with increasing QuikSCAT wind speed is observed up to hurricane force winds, but matchup data are lacking above this level. The dashed curve in Fig. 1 represents the Young (1993) model. It is clear this linear Geosat model lies near the data but slightly underestimates the NRCS saturation at highest winds. The proposed new high-wind altimeter model function branch, also shown in Fig. 1 , is again a linear model relating NRCS to 10-m wind speeds
-Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TOGA-TAO) buoy network ( McPhaden et al. 1998 ), the availability of subsurface data is now also becoming more complete. However, a detailed description of the tropical Pacific dynamics still requires the support of model simulations driven by surface fluxes of heat, momentum, and freshwater. Complete spatial and temporal coverage of surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater is available from atmospheric analysis centers. However, their forcing fields are prone to random
-Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TOGA-TAO) buoy network ( McPhaden et al. 1998 ), the availability of subsurface data is now also becoming more complete. However, a detailed description of the tropical Pacific dynamics still requires the support of model simulations driven by surface fluxes of heat, momentum, and freshwater. Complete spatial and temporal coverage of surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater is available from atmospheric analysis centers. However, their forcing fields are prone to random
1. Introduction Close to the coast the interaction between wind, waves, and tides becomes most complex but also most critical. Storms are particularly important at the coast as these events can lead to high waves, storm surges, inundation, and erosion in populated areas. The motivation for this paper is to explore ways of improving coastal surge and wave forecasting by improving the atmospheric forcing. Here, we specifically examine the issue of atmospheric model resolution. Storm surges are
1. Introduction Close to the coast the interaction between wind, waves, and tides becomes most complex but also most critical. Storms are particularly important at the coast as these events can lead to high waves, storm surges, inundation, and erosion in populated areas. The motivation for this paper is to explore ways of improving coastal surge and wave forecasting by improving the atmospheric forcing. Here, we specifically examine the issue of atmospheric model resolution. Storm surges are
A Methodology for Estimating the Response of the Coastal Ocean to Meteorological Forcing: A Case Study in Bohai Bay1. Introduction Elevated coastal sea levels (SLs; see appendix ) are dangerous for nearby cities, while depressed SLs can render navigation of coastal bays and harbors difficult and hazardous ( Tilburg and Garvine 2004 ). The SL variations at the coast result from multiscale processes, with the superposition of global mean SL, regional SL, and local SL changes, as shown in Melet et al. (2016 , 2018) . SL changes due to meteorological forcing, including sea surface atmospheric pressure (AP
1. Introduction Elevated coastal sea levels (SLs; see appendix ) are dangerous for nearby cities, while depressed SLs can render navigation of coastal bays and harbors difficult and hazardous ( Tilburg and Garvine 2004 ). The SL variations at the coast result from multiscale processes, with the superposition of global mean SL, regional SL, and local SL changes, as shown in Melet et al. (2016 , 2018) . SL changes due to meteorological forcing, including sea surface atmospheric pressure (AP
