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Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Wind Speed Retrievals and Validation Using Dropsondes; Rosenkranz and Staelin 1972 ). Since the increase in foam is correlated with surface wind speed ( Ross and Cardone 1974 ; Webster et al. 1976 ; Swift et al. 1984 ; Tanner et al. 1987 ), emissivity increases with surface wind speed. The sensitivity to wind speed is greatest at hurricane force (>33 m s −1 ) and is therefore particularly useful for measuring the strongest winds. The four C-band channels also have varying sensitivity to rain, so rain rate and wind speed can be retrieved simultaneously
; Rosenkranz and Staelin 1972 ). Since the increase in foam is correlated with surface wind speed ( Ross and Cardone 1974 ; Webster et al. 1976 ; Swift et al. 1984 ; Tanner et al. 1987 ), emissivity increases with surface wind speed. The sensitivity to wind speed is greatest at hurricane force (>33 m s −1 ) and is therefore particularly useful for measuring the strongest winds. The four C-band channels also have varying sensitivity to rain, so rain rate and wind speed can be retrieved simultaneously
mission on a NASA flight to monitor a satellite launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The sonde deployments were made on the return leg of a north–south flight leg from 12° to 21°N, approximately along 119°W, directly along a dry air intrusion to the east of the former Tropical Storm Cosme, and extending across a strong SSTir gradient of 22°–27°C, as shown in Figs. 8a,b . Three fast-fall sondes (light blue, magenta, and light gray symbols) with sea level fall speeds of 17 m s −1 were
mission on a NASA flight to monitor a satellite launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The sonde deployments were made on the return leg of a north–south flight leg from 12° to 21°N, approximately along 119°W, directly along a dry air intrusion to the east of the former Tropical Storm Cosme, and extending across a strong SSTir gradient of 22°–27°C, as shown in Figs. 8a,b . Three fast-fall sondes (light blue, magenta, and light gray symbols) with sea level fall speeds of 17 m s −1 were
Temporal and Spatial Autocorrelations from Expendable Digital Dropsondes (XDDs) in Tropical Cyclones: Convective forcing in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Pacific . J. Atmos. Sci. , 60 , 2064 – 2082 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2064:CFITIC>2.0.CO;2 . 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2064:CFITIC>2.0.CO;2 Rizvi , S. R. H. , Z. Liu , and X.-Y. Huang , 2012 : Generation of WRF-ARW background errors (BE) for GSI. NCAR Rep., 29 pp., https://dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/docs/write_ups/WRF-ARW-GSI_BE.pdf . Rogers , R. F. , and Coauthors , 2017 : Rewriting the tropical
: Convective forcing in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Pacific . J. Atmos. Sci. , 60 , 2064 – 2082 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2064:CFITIC>2.0.CO;2 . 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2064:CFITIC>2.0.CO;2 Rizvi , S. R. H. , Z. Liu , and X.-Y. Huang , 2012 : Generation of WRF-ARW background errors (BE) for GSI. NCAR Rep., 29 pp., https://dtcenter.org/com-GSI/users/docs/write_ups/WRF-ARW-GSI_BE.pdf . Rogers , R. F. , and Coauthors , 2017 : Rewriting the tropical
