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1. Introduction Gravity waves propagating vertically from the lower atmosphere are widely recognized to play important roles in a variety of atmospheric phenomena. Known sources of these gravity waves include mountains, moist convection, fronts, upper-level jets, geostrophic adjustment, and spontaneous generation ( Fritts and Alexander 2003 , and references therein). Among these, jets are often responsible for generating low-frequency inertia–gravity waves with characteristic horizontal
1. Introduction Gravity waves propagating vertically from the lower atmosphere are widely recognized to play important roles in a variety of atmospheric phenomena. Known sources of these gravity waves include mountains, moist convection, fronts, upper-level jets, geostrophic adjustment, and spontaneous generation ( Fritts and Alexander 2003 , and references therein). Among these, jets are often responsible for generating low-frequency inertia–gravity waves with characteristic horizontal
’Sullivan and Dunkerton (1995 , hereafter OSD95) , in which spontaneous imbalance in a nonlinear baroclinic-wave life cycle of type 1 (LC1; e.g., Thorncroft et al. 1993 and references therein) produces internal inertia–gravity waves having small scales close to the grid scale of the numerical model. The small scales seem to put OSD95’s example at an opposite extreme to those in which the Lighthill theory is relevant. The Lighthill theory describes scenarios in which unsteady vortical motion
’Sullivan and Dunkerton (1995 , hereafter OSD95) , in which spontaneous imbalance in a nonlinear baroclinic-wave life cycle of type 1 (LC1; e.g., Thorncroft et al. 1993 and references therein) produces internal inertia–gravity waves having small scales close to the grid scale of the numerical model. The small scales seem to put OSD95’s example at an opposite extreme to those in which the Lighthill theory is relevant. The Lighthill theory describes scenarios in which unsteady vortical motion
