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Abstract
Coupled mesoscale–microscale simulations are required to provide time-varying weather-dependent inflow and forcing for large-eddy simulations under general flow conditions. Such coupling necessarily spans a wide range of spatial scales (i.e., ~10 m to ~10 km). Herein, we use simulations that involve multiple nested domains with horizontal grid spacings in the terra incognita (i.e., 
Abstract
Coupled mesoscale–microscale simulations are required to provide time-varying weather-dependent inflow and forcing for large-eddy simulations under general flow conditions. Such coupling necessarily spans a wide range of spatial scales (i.e., ~10 m to ~10 km). Herein, we use simulations that involve multiple nested domains with horizontal grid spacings in the terra incognita (i.e.,
by applying the well-1B. A. A. 8. Nottingham Report, p. 682, 1893..--established laws of the kinetic theory to the problem, and hispaper On the escape of gases from planetary atmospheresaccording to the kinetic theory appeared in the Astrophys-ical Journal for January, 1900. Contemporaneous with thepublication of this paper Dr. (3. H. Bryan read a paper on theIC Kinetic theory of planetary atmospheres before the RoyalSociety. This paper apIfeared in the Transactions of theRoyal Society, London
by applying the well-1B. A. A. 8. Nottingham Report, p. 682, 1893..--established laws of the kinetic theory to the problem, and hispaper On the escape of gases from planetary atmospheresaccording to the kinetic theory appeared in the Astrophys-ical Journal for January, 1900. Contemporaneous with thepublication of this paper Dr. (3. H. Bryan read a paper on theIC Kinetic theory of planetary atmospheres before the RoyalSociety. This paper apIfeared in the Transactions of theRoyal Society, London
. INTRODUCTIONThe vertical motions at the earth's surface associatedwith horizontal adow over the mountain ranges are ofimportance both for their direct effect on local climate (e.g.,adiaba:ic warming and cooling with accompanyingcloud aud precipitation formation) and for their indirecteffect on planetary climate by the forcing of stationarywave systems (e.g., Charney and Eliassen 1949). Thisvertical motion is given bywhere V is the vector horizontal wind of which u is theeastward component and v is the
. INTRODUCTIONThe vertical motions at the earth's surface associatedwith horizontal adow over the mountain ranges are ofimportance both for their direct effect on local climate (e.g.,adiaba:ic warming and cooling with accompanyingcloud aud precipitation formation) and for their indirecteffect on planetary climate by the forcing of stationarywave systems (e.g., Charney and Eliassen 1949). Thisvertical motion is given bywhere V is the vector horizontal wind of which u is theeastward component and v is the
that over the Beibu Gulf. In contrast to that over the Beibu Gulf, the inertial oscillation off the coast of Guangdong could not be explained by the ageostrophic wind driven by the thermal contrast between land and sea. Then, what triggers the inertial oscillation off the coast of Guangdong? Figure 7 clearly shows the large-scale sea breeze occurs during 2300–0500 LST with a clockwise rotation, and the large-scale land breeze occurs during 0800–1400 LST. Such a large-scale (planetary-scale) land
that over the Beibu Gulf. In contrast to that over the Beibu Gulf, the inertial oscillation off the coast of Guangdong could not be explained by the ageostrophic wind driven by the thermal contrast between land and sea. Then, what triggers the inertial oscillation off the coast of Guangdong? Figure 7 clearly shows the large-scale sea breeze occurs during 2300–0500 LST with a clockwise rotation, and the large-scale land breeze occurs during 0800–1400 LST. Such a large-scale (planetary-scale) land
,hc model will be suit,ablc for the purpose of linear theoretical analysis of thevertical propagation of planetary Iossb>- waves in thc presence of zonal wind shears. Assuming an atmosphere inconstant angular rotation and nssnming westerly zonal wind velocities of thc magnitude of the maximum windsobserved in the midwinter stratosphcric jet, there will always be two or morc planet,ary wave modes that can propa-gate vertically. Thc constant angular wind velocity model is \wed together with t
,hc model will be suit,ablc for the purpose of linear theoretical analysis of thevertical propagation of planetary Iossb>- waves in thc presence of zonal wind shears. Assuming an atmosphere inconstant angular rotation and nssnming westerly zonal wind velocities of thc magnitude of the maximum windsobserved in the midwinter stratosphcric jet, there will always be two or morc planet,ary wave modes that can propa-gate vertically. Thc constant angular wind velocity model is \wed together with t
SOME METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DROUGHT
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SUMMERS OF 1952–54 OVER THE UNITED STATES
-BEE 1955 MONTHLY WESTHER REVIEW 199SOME METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DROUGHTJFROME NAMIASExtended Forecast Section, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.[Manuscript Received August 4, 19551ABSTliACTThe problem of drought is examined as a manifestation of anomalous patterns of the atmosphere's generalcirculation. Special consideration is given to the quasi-stationary planetary wave ensembles which are responsiblefor extensive summertime drought over the United States. The critical importance of
-BEE 1955 MONTHLY WESTHER REVIEW 199SOME METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DROUGHTJFROME NAMIASExtended Forecast Section, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.[Manuscript Received August 4, 19551ABSTliACTThe problem of drought is examined as a manifestation of anomalous patterns of the atmosphere's generalcirculation. Special consideration is given to the quasi-stationary planetary wave ensembles which are responsiblefor extensive summertime drought over the United States. The critical importance of
AUGUST 1988 NEIMAN ET AL. 1671The Pulsed Coherent Doppler Lidar: Observations of Frontal Structure and the Planetary Boundary Layer PAUL J. NEIMANCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/NO/tA, Boulder, ColoradoM. A. SHAPIRO, R. MICHAEL HARDESTY, B. BOBA STANKOV, RHIDIAN T. LAWRENCE,ROBERT J. ZAMORA, AND
AUGUST 1988 NEIMAN ET AL. 1671The Pulsed Coherent Doppler Lidar: Observations of Frontal Structure and the Planetary Boundary Layer PAUL J. NEIMANCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/NO/tA, Boulder, ColoradoM. A. SHAPIRO, R. MICHAEL HARDESTY, B. BOBA STANKOV, RHIDIAN T. LAWRENCE,ROBERT J. ZAMORA, AND
appearing on 30-day mean 700-mb. charts in the North Americanarea during the past 20 winters is described as a useful supplement to the normal chart. Statistics pertaining to thedimensions, symmetry, and motion of planetary waves on these charts are summarized by use of graphical correlationand synoptic models. The results throw light on the structure of the centers of action in the atmosphere and indicatetheir interdependence.CONTENTSPageAbstract_-------------_---_-------_---_---------_---- 203
appearing on 30-day mean 700-mb. charts in the North Americanarea during the past 20 winters is described as a useful supplement to the normal chart. Statistics pertaining to thedimensions, symmetry, and motion of planetary waves on these charts are summarized by use of graphical correlationand synoptic models. The results throw light on the structure of the centers of action in the atmosphere and indicatetheir interdependence.CONTENTSPageAbstract_-------------_---_-------_---_---------_---- 203
a considerable amount of kinetic energy dissi-pated outside the planetary boundary layer, particularly at the jet-stream level. This also may imply that inten-sity of the atmospheric general circulation is significantlv higher than is being assumed in most of the numerical modelsof the atmosphere.1. INTRODUCTIONIn a series- of previous reports (Kung, 1866~~ 19663,1967), studies of the large-scale balance of the kineticenergy in the atmosphere were reported. One of the mainobjectives in this
a considerable amount of kinetic energy dissi-pated outside the planetary boundary layer, particularly at the jet-stream level. This also may imply that inten-sity of the atmospheric general circulation is significantlv higher than is being assumed in most of the numerical modelsof the atmosphere.1. INTRODUCTIONIn a series- of previous reports (Kung, 1866~~ 19663,1967), studies of the large-scale balance of the kineticenergy in the atmosphere were reported. One of the mainobjectives in this
atmosphere and large-scale traveling waveshas been investigated. A 30-yr time series of observational 500-hPa geopotential-height data was used to studythe relation between westward-moving planetary-scale waves I and 2 and blocked flow. It was found that,depending on longitude, 20%-40% of blocks were related to traveling wave 1, whereas the percentage was smallerfor wave 2. The study confirms results of earlier studies that suggest a possible important role for large-scale,westward-moving waves in many
atmosphere and large-scale traveling waveshas been investigated. A 30-yr time series of observational 500-hPa geopotential-height data was used to studythe relation between westward-moving planetary-scale waves I and 2 and blocked flow. It was found that,depending on longitude, 20%-40% of blocks were related to traveling wave 1, whereas the percentage was smallerfor wave 2. The study confirms results of earlier studies that suggest a possible important role for large-scale,westward-moving waves in many
