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1. Introduction The 20–90-day tropical intraseasonal oscillation (TISO) has strong seasonality ( Lau and Waliser 2012 ). The wintertime TISO or the so-called Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian 1971 , 1972 ; Zhang 2005 ) features a planetary-scale ( Li and Zhou 2009 ; Wei et al. 2018 ) convection–circulation coupled system that propagates eastward (~5 m s −1 ) from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific ( Hendon and Salby 1994 ). In contrast, the boreal summer intraseasonal
1. Introduction The 20–90-day tropical intraseasonal oscillation (TISO) has strong seasonality ( Lau and Waliser 2012 ). The wintertime TISO or the so-called Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian 1971 , 1972 ; Zhang 2005 ) features a planetary-scale ( Li and Zhou 2009 ; Wei et al. 2018 ) convection–circulation coupled system that propagates eastward (~5 m s −1 ) from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific ( Hendon and Salby 1994 ). In contrast, the boreal summer intraseasonal
1. Introduction Deep convective structures populate the tropics, provide the energetics that drive the large-scale tropical circulation, and interact with superimposed atmospheric waves ( Riehl and Malkus 1957 ; Lorenz 1969 ; Hendon and Liebmann 1991 ; Kiladis and Weickmann 1992 ; Chang 1995 ; Lane et al. 2001 ; Fierro et al. 2009 ). The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian 1971 , 1972 , 1994 ; Zhang 2005 ) is one such disturbance, and while the MJO is commonly defined
1. Introduction Deep convective structures populate the tropics, provide the energetics that drive the large-scale tropical circulation, and interact with superimposed atmospheric waves ( Riehl and Malkus 1957 ; Lorenz 1969 ; Hendon and Liebmann 1991 ; Kiladis and Weickmann 1992 ; Chang 1995 ; Lane et al. 2001 ; Fierro et al. 2009 ). The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian 1971 , 1972 , 1994 ; Zhang 2005 ) is one such disturbance, and while the MJO is commonly defined
