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used global numerical weather prediction and regional convection-allowing model guidance that was run every 6–12 h by SMN, the University of Illinois, and Colorado State University (CSU). When deep convection was forecasted, AMF1 radiosonde launch frequency was increased from 4- to 3-hourly between 0900 and 2100 LT. Additional sondes were also occasionally launched from the Villa Dolores site. In addition, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16 ( GOES-16 ) mesoscale domain sectors
used global numerical weather prediction and regional convection-allowing model guidance that was run every 6–12 h by SMN, the University of Illinois, and Colorado State University (CSU). When deep convection was forecasted, AMF1 radiosonde launch frequency was increased from 4- to 3-hourly between 0900 and 2100 LT. Additional sondes were also occasionally launched from the Villa Dolores site. In addition, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16 ( GOES-16 ) mesoscale domain sectors
environments; 2) characterize thermodynamic and microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation, convective outflow, lightning, and hail events; and 3) observe hydrometeorological interactions with convective systems ( Nesbitt 2016 ). The occurrence of convective events in this region is linked to the strengthening of topographically guided South American low-level jet (SALLJ), which brings moist air poleward, and strong convection is formed at the exit region controlled primarily by diabatic effects
environments; 2) characterize thermodynamic and microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation, convective outflow, lightning, and hail events; and 3) observe hydrometeorological interactions with convective systems ( Nesbitt 2016 ). The occurrence of convective events in this region is linked to the strengthening of topographically guided South American low-level jet (SALLJ), which brings moist air poleward, and strong convection is formed at the exit region controlled primarily by diabatic effects
regions of the world ( Schaefer 1986 ) like India ( Weston 1972 ; Akter and Tsuboki 2017 ), eastern China ( Golden 1980 ; Qin and Chen 2017 ), central West Africa ( Hamilton et al. 1945 ), Australia ( Arnup and Reeder 2007 ), and Canada ( Taylor et al. 2011 ). In each of these regions, drylines have their own characteristics and development mechanisms, which are strongly linked to local orography and regional synoptic climatology. Dryline climatologies (i.e., the study of their frequency, spatial
regions of the world ( Schaefer 1986 ) like India ( Weston 1972 ; Akter and Tsuboki 2017 ), eastern China ( Golden 1980 ; Qin and Chen 2017 ), central West Africa ( Hamilton et al. 1945 ), Australia ( Arnup and Reeder 2007 ), and Canada ( Taylor et al. 2011 ). In each of these regions, drylines have their own characteristics and development mechanisms, which are strongly linked to local orography and regional synoptic climatology. Dryline climatologies (i.e., the study of their frequency, spatial
The United States is infamous for its hazardous convective storms that produce high-impact weather (HIW), including tornadoes, hail, strong winds, lightning, heavy precipitation, and flooding, and cause significant loss of life and property. The hazardous storms are also important components of the regional climate over much of the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Past field campaigns, observational studies, and model experiments have produced knowledge that is the foundation of current
The United States is infamous for its hazardous convective storms that produce high-impact weather (HIW), including tornadoes, hail, strong winds, lightning, heavy precipitation, and flooding, and cause significant loss of life and property. The hazardous storms are also important components of the regional climate over much of the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Past field campaigns, observational studies, and model experiments have produced knowledge that is the foundation of current
1. Introduction Correctly representing moist convective processes is critical to accurately predicting regional and global weather and climate, and accompanying operational forecasting of near- and long-term hydrology and severe weather. Numerical simulations rely on a mix of cumulus, turbulence, microphysics, and planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes to represent the generation of shallow and deep moist updrafts and precipitation (e.g., Tiedtke 1989 ; Kain and Fritsch 1990
1. Introduction Correctly representing moist convective processes is critical to accurately predicting regional and global weather and climate, and accompanying operational forecasting of near- and long-term hydrology and severe weather. Numerical simulations rely on a mix of cumulus, turbulence, microphysics, and planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes to represent the generation of shallow and deep moist updrafts and precipitation (e.g., Tiedtke 1989 ; Kain and Fritsch 1990
subtropical South America is the South American low-level jet (e.g., Vera et al. 2006 ; Salio et al. 2007 ; Montini et al. 2019 ). During RELAMPAGO, a sounding site at Villa de María del Río Seco (hereinafter Villa de María), located approximately 175 km north of Córdoba ( Fig. 1a ), collected daily soundings at 0900 UTC, along with other times during IOPs, to monitor the SALLJ and its potential effects on convection. The objective criteria for identifying low-level jets first introduced by Bonner
subtropical South America is the South American low-level jet (e.g., Vera et al. 2006 ; Salio et al. 2007 ; Montini et al. 2019 ). During RELAMPAGO, a sounding site at Villa de María del Río Seco (hereinafter Villa de María), located approximately 175 km north of Córdoba ( Fig. 1a ), collected daily soundings at 0900 UTC, along with other times during IOPs, to monitor the SALLJ and its potential effects on convection. The objective criteria for identifying low-level jets first introduced by Bonner
