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1. Introduction Tropical easterly waves (TEWs) are quasi-periodic wave disturbances embedded in the easterly trade winds during boreal summer and autumn ( Nitta and Takayabu 1985 ; Lau and Lau 1992 ; Roundy and Frank 2004 ; Serra et al. 2010 ). They influence the circulation dynamics of tropical America at synoptic scales ( Nitta and Takayabu 1985 ; Thorncroft and Hodges 2001 ; Cárdenas et al. 2017 ; Cornforth et al. 2017 ; Dominguez et al. 2020 ). TEWs have been related to
1. Introduction Tropical easterly waves (TEWs) are quasi-periodic wave disturbances embedded in the easterly trade winds during boreal summer and autumn ( Nitta and Takayabu 1985 ; Lau and Lau 1992 ; Roundy and Frank 2004 ; Serra et al. 2010 ). They influence the circulation dynamics of tropical America at synoptic scales ( Nitta and Takayabu 1985 ; Thorncroft and Hodges 2001 ; Cárdenas et al. 2017 ; Cornforth et al. 2017 ; Dominguez et al. 2020 ). TEWs have been related to
, radiosonde, dropsonde, and GPS radio occultation profiles ( Hersbach et al. 2020 ). The model includes coupling between the atmosphere and the land/ocean and handles convective parameterization using a bulk mass flux scheme ( ECMWF 2020 ). d. Methods At each 0.1°, we compile the diurnal variability by averaging the unconditional (i.e., including zeros) precipitation rates at each time step for the entire record. To conduct a comparison of the precipitation diurnal cycle from the three datasets, we
, radiosonde, dropsonde, and GPS radio occultation profiles ( Hersbach et al. 2020 ). The model includes coupling between the atmosphere and the land/ocean and handles convective parameterization using a bulk mass flux scheme ( ECMWF 2020 ). d. Methods At each 0.1°, we compile the diurnal variability by averaging the unconditional (i.e., including zeros) precipitation rates at each time step for the entire record. To conduct a comparison of the precipitation diurnal cycle from the three datasets, we
1. Introduction Unexpected flash flooding is one of the most devastating natural hazards, causing economic losses and fatalities (e.g., Glancy and Harmsen 1975 ; Randerson 1976 ; Ogden et al. 2000 ; Ashley and Ashley 2008 ). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) recorded 1075 flash-flood-related fatalities across the United States from 1996 to 2014 ( Gourley et al. 2013 ). Urbanized watersheds are more prone to flash flooding
1. Introduction Unexpected flash flooding is one of the most devastating natural hazards, causing economic losses and fatalities (e.g., Glancy and Harmsen 1975 ; Randerson 1976 ; Ogden et al. 2000 ; Ashley and Ashley 2008 ). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) recorded 1075 flash-flood-related fatalities across the United States from 1996 to 2014 ( Gourley et al. 2013 ). Urbanized watersheds are more prone to flash flooding
train propagating from the North Pacific to the eastern United States. WR3 features a high pressure system over the continental United States similar to a La Niña forced response. WR4 was characterized by a wave train moving from the Pacific Northwest to the North Atlantic Ocean, with a ridge elongated in z500. WR5 features a negative z500 anomaly over the eastern United States and a positive anomaly over the western United States. The precipitation maps used by WR-GMM on a forecast day in a month
train propagating from the North Pacific to the eastern United States. WR3 features a high pressure system over the continental United States similar to a La Niña forced response. WR4 was characterized by a wave train moving from the Pacific Northwest to the North Atlantic Ocean, with a ridge elongated in z500. WR5 features a negative z500 anomaly over the eastern United States and a positive anomaly over the western United States. The precipitation maps used by WR-GMM on a forecast day in a month
1. Introduction The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian 1971 , 1972 ) is the dominant planetary-scale intraseasonal mode in the equatorial Indo-Pacific warm pool, characterized by a convection-circulation complex traveling slowly eastward with a period of about 30–90 days. The MJO modulates atmospheric (e.g., tropical cyclones), oceanic (e.g., chlorophyll), and coupled ocean–atmosphere [e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)] phenomena in the tropics (e.g., Neale et al
1. Introduction The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian 1971 , 1972 ) is the dominant planetary-scale intraseasonal mode in the equatorial Indo-Pacific warm pool, characterized by a convection-circulation complex traveling slowly eastward with a period of about 30–90 days. The MJO modulates atmospheric (e.g., tropical cyclones), oceanic (e.g., chlorophyll), and coupled ocean–atmosphere [e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)] phenomena in the tropics (e.g., Neale et al
1. Introduction Currently, for the fields of hydrology, climatology, and meteorology, it is necessary to understand the origin of humidity and precipitation that occurs over a given region, especially on continents, in which water resources play a vital role ( Randhir 2012 ). Considering that approximately 90% of the water in the atmosphere comes from evaporation over the oceans, lakes, and other open water bodies, its atmospheric transport plays an important role in the precipitation
1. Introduction Currently, for the fields of hydrology, climatology, and meteorology, it is necessary to understand the origin of humidity and precipitation that occurs over a given region, especially on continents, in which water resources play a vital role ( Randhir 2012 ). Considering that approximately 90% of the water in the atmosphere comes from evaporation over the oceans, lakes, and other open water bodies, its atmospheric transport plays an important role in the precipitation
patterns may influence surface hydroclimate conditions in subsequent seasons. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of global interannual climate variability defined by a periodic fluctuation in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and air pressure in the equatorial Pacific Ocean every 2–7 years. La Niña triggers upper-atmosphere waves that are associated with a low pressure trough over western Canada that brings cold, wet air, increased snowpack and more cold spells to the region
patterns may influence surface hydroclimate conditions in subsequent seasons. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of global interannual climate variability defined by a periodic fluctuation in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and air pressure in the equatorial Pacific Ocean every 2–7 years. La Niña triggers upper-atmosphere waves that are associated with a low pressure trough over western Canada that brings cold, wet air, increased snowpack and more cold spells to the region
equations involved in the study’s analysis and modeling. Table C1 Final unique equation forms after simplifications, together with the number of parameters in each. REFERENCES Abramowitz , G. , L. Pouyanné , and H. Ajami , 2012 : On the information content of surface meteorology for downward atmospheric long-wave radiation synthesis . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 39 , L04808 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050726 . Akaike , H. , 1974 : A new look at the statistical model
equations involved in the study’s analysis and modeling. Table C1 Final unique equation forms after simplifications, together with the number of parameters in each. REFERENCES Abramowitz , G. , L. Pouyanné , and H. Ajami , 2012 : On the information content of surface meteorology for downward atmospheric long-wave radiation synthesis . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 39 , L04808 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050726 . Akaike , H. , 1974 : A new look at the statistical model
. Res. Oceans , 121 , 4416 – 4433 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011555 . Kerns , B. W. , and S. S. Chen , 2022 : Compound effects of rain, storm surge, and river discharge on coastal flooding during Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee (2011) in the Mid-Atlantic region: Coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model simulation and observations . Nat. Hazards , 116 , 693 – 726 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05694-0 . Kerns , B. W. , and S. S. Chen , 2023 : Inland flooding and
. Res. Oceans , 121 , 4416 – 4433 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011555 . Kerns , B. W. , and S. S. Chen , 2022 : Compound effects of rain, storm surge, and river discharge on coastal flooding during Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee (2011) in the Mid-Atlantic region: Coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model simulation and observations . Nat. Hazards , 116 , 693 – 726 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05694-0 . Kerns , B. W. , and S. S. Chen , 2023 : Inland flooding and
lower elevation under a warming climate, which could amplify the biannual nature of rainfall ( Munday et al. 2021 ). While coastal winds alternate from summer to winter according to the Indian monsoon, southeasterlies in the Turkana Valley prevail year-round and “attract” a sinking motion that cuts off moisture outflows from the Congo basin and dampens transient convective waves ( Rodwell and Hoskins 1995 ; Levin et al. 2009 ; Williams et al. 2012 ; Mekonnen and Thorncroft 2016 ). Aridity
lower elevation under a warming climate, which could amplify the biannual nature of rainfall ( Munday et al. 2021 ). While coastal winds alternate from summer to winter according to the Indian monsoon, southeasterlies in the Turkana Valley prevail year-round and “attract” a sinking motion that cuts off moisture outflows from the Congo basin and dampens transient convective waves ( Rodwell and Hoskins 1995 ; Levin et al. 2009 ; Williams et al. 2012 ; Mekonnen and Thorncroft 2016 ). Aridity
