Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification
A Policy Statement of the American Meteorological Society as adopted by the Council on September 27, 1984
Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification
A Policy Statement of the American Meteorological Society as adopted by the Council on 5 January 1992
and community values in decision-making. And they highlight the need for additional research and assessment to improve options and knowledge to support implementation. For many communities, the challenge is to incorporate information about climate change and policies into planning economic opportunities, improving social welfare, updating infrastructure, protecting water resources, or conserving natural environments. Others need to manage overt climate threats—reducing risks of calamitous
and community values in decision-making. And they highlight the need for additional research and assessment to improve options and knowledge to support implementation. For many communities, the challenge is to incorporate information about climate change and policies into planning economic opportunities, improving social welfare, updating infrastructure, protecting water resources, or conserving natural environments. Others need to manage overt climate threats—reducing risks of calamitous
Federal land management agencies were tasked by the Obama administration with integrating climate change science and related impacts (biophysical and social) into their planning processes ( U.S. Department of the Interior 2014 ; Obama 2009 , 2013 , 2015 ). Yet, integration has varied across federal land management agencies, with strong leadership in the National Park Service (2010 , 2012) and U.S. Forest Service (USFS; USFS 2009 ) and less guidance from the BLM. A recent review of BLM field
Federal land management agencies were tasked by the Obama administration with integrating climate change science and related impacts (biophysical and social) into their planning processes ( U.S. Department of the Interior 2014 ; Obama 2009 , 2013 , 2015 ). Yet, integration has varied across federal land management agencies, with strong leadership in the National Park Service (2010 , 2012) and U.S. Forest Service (USFS; USFS 2009 ) and less guidance from the BLM. A recent review of BLM field
traditionally been on preparedness for, and mitigation of, natural hazard risk ( Aall et al. 2018 ). Gradually, the role has evolved and expanded, from CCA being a voluntary undertaking at the local level, to a requirement for several municipal activities. Changes in the planning and building legislation have made it mandatory to include consequences of climate change, such as rising sea levels and changes in river flood regimes, into account in municipal spatial planning and mapping of natural hazards
traditionally been on preparedness for, and mitigation of, natural hazard risk ( Aall et al. 2018 ). Gradually, the role has evolved and expanded, from CCA being a voluntary undertaking at the local level, to a requirement for several municipal activities. Changes in the planning and building legislation have made it mandatory to include consequences of climate change, such as rising sea levels and changes in river flood regimes, into account in municipal spatial planning and mapping of natural hazards
% were female and 46% were male. About 92% were Caucasian. About 11% were between 18 and 25 years of age, 10% between 26 and 35, 16% between 36 and 45, 20% between 46 and 55, 14% between 56 and 65, and 30% over 65 years of age (a bias toward those older than 65 is acknowledged). Respondents were asked if they had an action plan if a tornado were to strike, as well as if they had a designated tornado shelter (which can be defined as any location the individual safely locates themselves during a
% were female and 46% were male. About 92% were Caucasian. About 11% were between 18 and 25 years of age, 10% between 26 and 35, 16% between 36 and 45, 20% between 46 and 55, 14% between 56 and 65, and 30% over 65 years of age (a bias toward those older than 65 is acknowledged). Respondents were asked if they had an action plan if a tornado were to strike, as well as if they had a designated tornado shelter (which can be defined as any location the individual safely locates themselves during a
, especially in water-scarce semiarid and arid regions ( Fekete et al. 2004 ; Vorosmarty et al. 2000 ; Kundzewicz et al. 2008 ). The challenge is particularly acute in developing and transitional economies such as India and China, where many of the problems listed above are pervasive because of extreme population pressure and persistent rural poverty ( Alley et al. 2002 ; Chao et al. 2008 ; UNDP 2006 ). Adequate short-term management and sound long-term planning of water resources are key prerequisites
, especially in water-scarce semiarid and arid regions ( Fekete et al. 2004 ; Vorosmarty et al. 2000 ; Kundzewicz et al. 2008 ). The challenge is particularly acute in developing and transitional economies such as India and China, where many of the problems listed above are pervasive because of extreme population pressure and persistent rural poverty ( Alley et al. 2002 ; Chao et al. 2008 ; UNDP 2006 ). Adequate short-term management and sound long-term planning of water resources are key prerequisites
). This would potentially contribute to closing communication gaps in media and public discourse in how daily weather is influenced by long-term climate. Furthermore, it has been suggested that on regional levels, attribution information could assist government authorities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and businesses in adaptation planning ( Pall et al. 2011 ; Schiermeier 2011 ; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2011 ; Stott et al. 2013 ), emphasizing changes in extremes that are not only projected
). This would potentially contribute to closing communication gaps in media and public discourse in how daily weather is influenced by long-term climate. Furthermore, it has been suggested that on regional levels, attribution information could assist government authorities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and businesses in adaptation planning ( Pall et al. 2011 ; Schiermeier 2011 ; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2011 ; Stott et al. 2013 ), emphasizing changes in extremes that are not only projected
