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; Doyle et al. 2011 ) were applied to the DEEPWAVE study area to provide real-time forecast guidance during the field campaign period ( Fritts et al. 2016 ). COAMPS is a fully compressible, nonhydrostatic terrain-following mesoscale model. The finite-difference schemes are of second-order accuracy in time and space in this application. The boundary layer and free-atmospheric turbulent mixing and diffusion are represented using a prognostic equation for the turbulence kinetic energy budget following
; Doyle et al. 2011 ) were applied to the DEEPWAVE study area to provide real-time forecast guidance during the field campaign period ( Fritts et al. 2016 ). COAMPS is a fully compressible, nonhydrostatic terrain-following mesoscale model. The finite-difference schemes are of second-order accuracy in time and space in this application. The boundary layer and free-atmospheric turbulent mixing and diffusion are represented using a prognostic equation for the turbulence kinetic energy budget following
single smoothing operation. Fig . 1. Domain configuration for WRF simulation of 28 Jul 2014. The boundary of the map represents the outermost domain. The inner domains are denoted as “d02” and “d03.” Initial and lateral boundary conditions were obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecasting System (GFS) model analyses. The simulation was initialized at 0000 UTC 27 July 2014 and run for 48 h to 0000 UTC 29 July 2014 with lateral boundary conditions updated
single smoothing operation. Fig . 1. Domain configuration for WRF simulation of 28 Jul 2014. The boundary of the map represents the outermost domain. The inner domains are denoted as “d02” and “d03.” Initial and lateral boundary conditions were obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecasting System (GFS) model analyses. The simulation was initialized at 0000 UTC 27 July 2014 and run for 48 h to 0000 UTC 29 July 2014 with lateral boundary conditions updated
analysis and area averaging superior to the narrow leg averages from aircraft. Numerical simulation allows us to include several fluid dynamical aspects that are missing from the theory in section 3 , especially unsteadiness, nonlinearity, variable wind and stability with height, boundary layer dynamics, and terrain three-dimensionality. Five 2-km-resolution full-physics Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations of 3D time-dependent airflow over New Zealand ( Table 3 ) were recently
analysis and area averaging superior to the narrow leg averages from aircraft. Numerical simulation allows us to include several fluid dynamical aspects that are missing from the theory in section 3 , especially unsteadiness, nonlinearity, variable wind and stability with height, boundary layer dynamics, and terrain three-dimensionality. Five 2-km-resolution full-physics Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations of 3D time-dependent airflow over New Zealand ( Table 3 ) were recently
and Doyle 2005 ; Smith and Kruse 2018 ) rather than on wave propagation, dissipation, and momentum deposition. Transient, broad-spectrum MW events are studied here using three numerical models: the fully nonlinear, transient Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model ( Skamarock et al. 2008 ); the linear, quasi-transient Fourier-ray (FR) model ( Broutman et al. 2002 , 2006 ); and a Lindzen-type saturation parameterization (LSP; Lindzen 1981 ; McFarlane 1987 ) model. Key idealizations are the
and Doyle 2005 ; Smith and Kruse 2018 ) rather than on wave propagation, dissipation, and momentum deposition. Transient, broad-spectrum MW events are studied here using three numerical models: the fully nonlinear, transient Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model ( Skamarock et al. 2008 ); the linear, quasi-transient Fourier-ray (FR) model ( Broutman et al. 2002 , 2006 ); and a Lindzen-type saturation parameterization (LSP; Lindzen 1981 ; McFarlane 1987 ) model. Key idealizations are the
Airborne Wind Lidar Measurements of Vertical and Horizontal Winds for the Investigation of Orographically Induced Gravity Wavesflown along the same mountain transect, giving both the wind vector and the vertical wind speed with a slight temporal difference of about 1 h. However, as the data coverage of both measurements can be different, not every LOS wind measurement may correspond to a wind vector measurement that can be used for correction. Thus, to be able to correct all LOS measurements, the horizontal wind from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF; T1279 L137, cycle 40r1) operational analyses on
flown along the same mountain transect, giving both the wind vector and the vertical wind speed with a slight temporal difference of about 1 h. However, as the data coverage of both measurements can be different, not every LOS wind measurement may correspond to a wind vector measurement that can be used for correction. Thus, to be able to correct all LOS measurements, the horizontal wind from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF; T1279 L137, cycle 40r1) operational analyses on
gravity wave generation was well established in DEEPWAVE by comparing fluxes on 97 New Zealand mountain legs with 150 ocean legs ( Fig. 4 ). With few exceptions, the ocean leg fluxes were below the detection thresholds from Table 3 . Most of the exceptions were legs over small islands. While several DEEPWAVE ocean flights targeted forecasted waves in the stratosphere from fronts or convection, none of these flights found fluxes clearly exceeding our detection threshold. This result does not rule out
gravity wave generation was well established in DEEPWAVE by comparing fluxes on 97 New Zealand mountain legs with 150 ocean legs ( Fig. 4 ). With few exceptions, the ocean leg fluxes were below the detection thresholds from Table 3 . Most of the exceptions were legs over small islands. While several DEEPWAVE ocean flights targeted forecasted waves in the stratosphere from fronts or convection, none of these flights found fluxes clearly exceeding our detection threshold. This result does not rule out
