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latitude . Their model may be regarded as a theory for an “ideal” axisymmetric Hadley circulation, and one of its main contributions was to show that even in the absence of baroclinic instability the Hadley cell would not reach the pole, at least on a rapidly rotating planet like Earth. HH expressed their theory in fairly general terms, but focused on the limit , which corresponds to high planetary rotation rate Ω. The low-Ω limit of the theory was then specifically considered by Hou (1984) , with
latitude . Their model may be regarded as a theory for an “ideal” axisymmetric Hadley circulation, and one of its main contributions was to show that even in the absence of baroclinic instability the Hadley cell would not reach the pole, at least on a rapidly rotating planet like Earth. HH expressed their theory in fairly general terms, but focused on the limit , which corresponds to high planetary rotation rate Ω. The low-Ω limit of the theory was then specifically considered by Hou (1984) , with
1. Introduction One of the enduring questions of large-scale atmospheric dynamics is which aspects of eddy phenomena in a planetary atmosphere can be understood primarily as functions of the time-mean flow. The results of the classic linear instability problems of Eady and Charney show that at least some eddy properties can be understood in this manner ( Chang et al. 2002 ), and it is natural to wonder how far such an approach can be pushed—for example, can spatial and temporal variations of
1. Introduction One of the enduring questions of large-scale atmospheric dynamics is which aspects of eddy phenomena in a planetary atmosphere can be understood primarily as functions of the time-mean flow. The results of the classic linear instability problems of Eady and Charney show that at least some eddy properties can be understood in this manner ( Chang et al. 2002 ), and it is natural to wonder how far such an approach can be pushed—for example, can spatial and temporal variations of
. Geophys. Res. , 109 , E01002 . doi:10.1029/2003JE002129 . Hinson , D. P. , R. J. Wilson , M. D. Smith , and B. J. Conrath , 2003 : Stationary planetary waves in the atmosphere of Mars during southern winter. J. Geophys. Res. , 108 , 5004 . doi:10.1029/2002JE001949 . Hinson , D. P. , M. Pätzold , S. Tellmann , B. Häusler , and G. L. Tyler , 2008 : The depth of the convective boundary layer on Mars. Icarus , 198 , 57 – 66 . doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.003 . James
. Geophys. Res. , 109 , E01002 . doi:10.1029/2003JE002129 . Hinson , D. P. , R. J. Wilson , M. D. Smith , and B. J. Conrath , 2003 : Stationary planetary waves in the atmosphere of Mars during southern winter. J. Geophys. Res. , 108 , 5004 . doi:10.1029/2002JE001949 . Hinson , D. P. , M. Pätzold , S. Tellmann , B. Häusler , and G. L. Tyler , 2008 : The depth of the convective boundary layer on Mars. Icarus , 198 , 57 – 66 . doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.003 . James
, one can only look at the pattern dependence of planetary wave dynamics. Now, a main feature of atmospheric dynamics is that preferred low-frequency circulation structures exist in the atmosphere irrespective of whether nonlinearity is or is not significant ( Simmons et al. 1983 ; Newman et al. 2003 ). For example, Newman et al. (2003) obtain, using a linear model, preferred large-scale flow patterns that look like observed ones. Persistent low-frequency patterns, which differ significantly from
, one can only look at the pattern dependence of planetary wave dynamics. Now, a main feature of atmospheric dynamics is that preferred low-frequency circulation structures exist in the atmosphere irrespective of whether nonlinearity is or is not significant ( Simmons et al. 1983 ; Newman et al. 2003 ). For example, Newman et al. (2003) obtain, using a linear model, preferred large-scale flow patterns that look like observed ones. Persistent low-frequency patterns, which differ significantly from
more quickly than they would in a real, nearly inviscid atmosphere, but slowly enough to observe the nonlinear interaction with the planetary vorticity gradient. When a single equivalent-barotropic cyclone is initially forced and then allowed to evolve, it induces a Rossby wave by wrapping high-PV fluid from the pole to its west and low-PV fluid from more equatorward regions to its east. For sufficiently strong cyclones, this happens quickly and nonlinearly, and creates β gyres ( Chan and
more quickly than they would in a real, nearly inviscid atmosphere, but slowly enough to observe the nonlinear interaction with the planetary vorticity gradient. When a single equivalent-barotropic cyclone is initially forced and then allowed to evolve, it induces a Rossby wave by wrapping high-PV fluid from the pole to its west and low-PV fluid from more equatorward regions to its east. For sufficiently strong cyclones, this happens quickly and nonlinearly, and creates β gyres ( Chan and
3492.1 . 10.1175/2010JAS3492.1 Liu , J. , and T. Schneider , 2011 : Convective generation of equatorial superrotation in planetary atmospheres . J. Atmos. Sci. , 68 , 2742 – 2756 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-10-05013.1 . 10.1175/JAS-D-10-05013.1 Lutsko , N. J. , 2018 : The response of an idealized atmosphere to localized tropical heating: Superrotation and the breakdown of linear theory . J. Atmos. Sci. , 75 , 3 – 20 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0192.1 . 10.1175/JAS-D-17
3492.1 . 10.1175/2010JAS3492.1 Liu , J. , and T. Schneider , 2011 : Convective generation of equatorial superrotation in planetary atmospheres . J. Atmos. Sci. , 68 , 2742 – 2756 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-10-05013.1 . 10.1175/JAS-D-10-05013.1 Lutsko , N. J. , 2018 : The response of an idealized atmosphere to localized tropical heating: Superrotation and the breakdown of linear theory . J. Atmos. Sci. , 75 , 3 – 20 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0192.1 . 10.1175/JAS-D-17
. Gold , T. , 1964 : Outgassing process on the Moon and Venus. The Origin and Evolution of Atmospheres and Oceans, P. Brancazio and A. G. W. Cameron, Eds., Wiley and Sons, 249–256 . Goldblatt , C. , and A. J. Watson , 2012 : The runaway greenhouse: Implications for future climate change, geoengineering and planetary atmospheres . Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London , A370 , 4197 – 4216 , doi: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0004 . Goldblatt , C. , T. D. Robinson , K. J. Zahnle , and D. Crisp
. Gold , T. , 1964 : Outgassing process on the Moon and Venus. The Origin and Evolution of Atmospheres and Oceans, P. Brancazio and A. G. W. Cameron, Eds., Wiley and Sons, 249–256 . Goldblatt , C. , and A. J. Watson , 2012 : The runaway greenhouse: Implications for future climate change, geoengineering and planetary atmospheres . Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London , A370 , 4197 – 4216 , doi: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0004 . Goldblatt , C. , T. D. Robinson , K. J. Zahnle , and D. Crisp
in radiative equilibrium Finally, if the stratosphere is in radiative equilibrium the surface temperature is given by (section c of the appendix ) [ Robinson and Catling (2012) provided a similar derivation to the one in the appendix as part of the development of a more general analytic model for the global-mean surface temperature of planetary atmospheres in radiative–convective equilibrium (see their section 2.6)]. The new dependence of on OLR, , and γ is shown in the right columns of
in radiative equilibrium Finally, if the stratosphere is in radiative equilibrium the surface temperature is given by (section c of the appendix ) [ Robinson and Catling (2012) provided a similar derivation to the one in the appendix as part of the development of a more general analytic model for the global-mean surface temperature of planetary atmospheres in radiative–convective equilibrium (see their section 2.6)]. The new dependence of on OLR, , and γ is shown in the right columns of
-Grzebyk et al. 2012 ) aims to promote a metrological approach to the climate and meteorological observations supporting the traceability of measurements involved in climate change—for example, surface and upper-atmosphere measurements of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, and direction. To achieve robustness and reliability of atmospheric measurements, improved calibration procedures and facilities for controlled laboratory observations are needed. In this manuscript a dedicated environmental
-Grzebyk et al. 2012 ) aims to promote a metrological approach to the climate and meteorological observations supporting the traceability of measurements involved in climate change—for example, surface and upper-atmosphere measurements of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, and direction. To achieve robustness and reliability of atmospheric measurements, improved calibration procedures and facilities for controlled laboratory observations are needed. In this manuscript a dedicated environmental
1. Introduction Climate models predict that there will be a substantial warming of the earth’s atmosphere by the end of the twenty-first century, accompanied by significant changes in the general circulation of the troposphere and stratosphere, if anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are not abated. Coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models project that the tropospheric extratropical jets will shift poleward (e.g., Yin 2005 ; Miller et al. 2006 ), accompanied by an expansion of the
1. Introduction Climate models predict that there will be a substantial warming of the earth’s atmosphere by the end of the twenty-first century, accompanied by significant changes in the general circulation of the troposphere and stratosphere, if anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are not abated. Coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models project that the tropospheric extratropical jets will shift poleward (e.g., Yin 2005 ; Miller et al. 2006 ), accompanied by an expansion of the
