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to the advection–diffusion equation using a mean wind. However, these models, while providing a general hazard area definition, do not explicitly model the effects of buildings on the flow and will therefore be less accurate. Another approach involves the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods to predict gridded solutions for the atmospheric state variables and then to couple these CFD models with particle-based stochastic Lagrangian advection and diffusion codes. This method is more
to the advection–diffusion equation using a mean wind. However, these models, while providing a general hazard area definition, do not explicitly model the effects of buildings on the flow and will therefore be less accurate. Another approach involves the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods to predict gridded solutions for the atmospheric state variables and then to couple these CFD models with particle-based stochastic Lagrangian advection and diffusion codes. This method is more