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for ecosystem and human services ( Bates et al. 2008 ; Strzepek and Boehlert 2010 ; Ward et al. 2010 ; Vörösmarty et al. 2010 ). As a result, in many regions water (particularly groundwater) is being exploited in an unsustainable way, leading to long-term declines in groundwater levels ( McGuire 2009 ; Rodell et al. 2009 ). Strong interactions between the climate, hydrology, and land use occur ( Claussen 2004 ; Falloon and Betts 2010 ). The snow–climate feedback is well known and described (e
for ecosystem and human services ( Bates et al. 2008 ; Strzepek and Boehlert 2010 ; Ward et al. 2010 ; Vörösmarty et al. 2010 ). As a result, in many regions water (particularly groundwater) is being exploited in an unsustainable way, leading to long-term declines in groundwater levels ( McGuire 2009 ; Rodell et al. 2009 ). Strong interactions between the climate, hydrology, and land use occur ( Claussen 2004 ; Falloon and Betts 2010 ). The snow–climate feedback is well known and described (e
. , 180 , 373 – 394 . Polcher, J. , and Coauthors , 2000 : GLASS: Global Land-Atmosphere System Study . GEWEX News, Vol. 10, No. 2, International GEWEX Project Office, Silver Spring, MD, 3–5 . Rost, S. , Gerten D. , Bondeau A. , Lucht W. , Rohwer J. , and Schaphoff S. , 2008 : Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system . Water Resour. Res. , 44 , W09405 , doi:10.1029/2007WR006331 . Rudolf, B. , and Schneider U. , 2005
. , 180 , 373 – 394 . Polcher, J. , and Coauthors , 2000 : GLASS: Global Land-Atmosphere System Study . GEWEX News, Vol. 10, No. 2, International GEWEX Project Office, Silver Spring, MD, 3–5 . Rost, S. , Gerten D. , Bondeau A. , Lucht W. , Rohwer J. , and Schaphoff S. , 2008 : Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system . Water Resour. Res. , 44 , W09405 , doi:10.1029/2007WR006331 . Rudolf, B. , and Schneider U. , 2005
on the accuracy of the GCM data, especially of precipitation. An accurate representation of the exchange of water among the atmosphere, the ocean, the cryosphere, and the land surface is one of the biggest challenges in global climate modeling. Simulating these fluxes is extremely difficult because they depend on processes occurring on spatial scales that are generally several orders of magnitude smaller than the typical grid size in a GCM. The formation of precipitation, for example, is
on the accuracy of the GCM data, especially of precipitation. An accurate representation of the exchange of water among the atmosphere, the ocean, the cryosphere, and the land surface is one of the biggest challenges in global climate modeling. Simulating these fluxes is extremely difficult because they depend on processes occurring on spatial scales that are generally several orders of magnitude smaller than the typical grid size in a GCM. The formation of precipitation, for example, is
regional climate model COSMO-CLM . J. Geophys. Res. , 115 , D16101 , doi:10.1029/2009JD013497 . Douglas, E. M. , Beltràn-Przekurat A. , Niyogi D. S. , Pielke R. A. Sr. , and Vörösmarty C. J. , 2009 : The impact of agricultural intensification and irrigation on land–atmosphere interactions and Indian monsoon precipitation—A mesoscale modeling perspective . Global Planet. Change , 67 , 117 – 128 . Dümenil, L. , and Todini E. , 1992 : A rainfall–runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg
regional climate model COSMO-CLM . J. Geophys. Res. , 115 , D16101 , doi:10.1029/2009JD013497 . Douglas, E. M. , Beltràn-Przekurat A. , Niyogi D. S. , Pielke R. A. Sr. , and Vörösmarty C. J. , 2009 : The impact of agricultural intensification and irrigation on land–atmosphere interactions and Indian monsoon precipitation—A mesoscale modeling perspective . Global Planet. Change , 67 , 117 – 128 . Dümenil, L. , and Todini E. , 1992 : A rainfall–runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg
; Milly and Dunne 2010 ), Beldring et al. (2006) showed that evapotranspiration changes from 1961–90 to 2071–2100 predicted by the HBV model using the temperature index approach do not differ significantly from latent heat flux changes predicted by the second version of the Rossby Center Atmospheric Model (RCA2) ( Bringfelt et al. 2001 ) for Norway. The RCA2 model calculates latent heat flux using the land surface scheme of the Interaction Soil–Biosphere–Atmosphere model ( Noilhan and Planton 1989
; Milly and Dunne 2010 ), Beldring et al. (2006) showed that evapotranspiration changes from 1961–90 to 2071–2100 predicted by the HBV model using the temperature index approach do not differ significantly from latent heat flux changes predicted by the second version of the Rossby Center Atmospheric Model (RCA2) ( Bringfelt et al. 2001 ) for Norway. The RCA2 model calculates latent heat flux using the land surface scheme of the Interaction Soil–Biosphere–Atmosphere model ( Noilhan and Planton 1989
