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RD Instruments, Inc., 75-KHz shipboard ADCP (SADCP) during the cruises. The annual joint cruises between IOCAS and RCO/LIPI usually cover the eastern Indonesian seas including the Maluku, Halmahera, and Seram Seas, and some sections at the entrance of ITF in the western Pacific Ocean. These SADCP data are postprocessed using Common Ocean Data Access System (COADS) software ( https://currents.soest.hawaii.edu/docs/adcp_doc/index.html ), including calibration and quality control. The barotropic
RD Instruments, Inc., 75-KHz shipboard ADCP (SADCP) during the cruises. The annual joint cruises between IOCAS and RCO/LIPI usually cover the eastern Indonesian seas including the Maluku, Halmahera, and Seram Seas, and some sections at the entrance of ITF in the western Pacific Ocean. These SADCP data are postprocessed using Common Ocean Data Access System (COADS) software ( https://currents.soest.hawaii.edu/docs/adcp_doc/index.html ), including calibration and quality control. The barotropic
number of Argo profiles as in (b) but for the three boxes shown in Fig. 2 . (right) Distribution of Argo profiles in (d) 2004 and (e) 2010. Errors or uncertainties in the Argo profile data may be induced by instrument errors, uncertainty from conductivity cell thermal mass adjustment, and so on. Errors or uncertainties in the adjusted Argo profile data have been estimated according to standard quality control (QC) procedures ( Wong et al. 2019 ). Here we examine the status of errors or uncertainties
number of Argo profiles as in (b) but for the three boxes shown in Fig. 2 . (right) Distribution of Argo profiles in (d) 2004 and (e) 2010. Errors or uncertainties in the Argo profile data may be induced by instrument errors, uncertainty from conductivity cell thermal mass adjustment, and so on. Errors or uncertainties in the adjusted Argo profile data have been estimated according to standard quality control (QC) procedures ( Wong et al. 2019 ). Here we examine the status of errors or uncertainties
multidecadal fluctuation of the CEF seesaw, and the possible role of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) in the CEF seesaw are discussed in section 5 . A summary is given in section 6 . 2. Observational data and model experiments a. Observational data and methods Monthly mean horizontal and vertical winds at multiple pressure levels, sea level pressure (SLP), precipitation, and SST data for the period 1900–2010 are derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) twentieth
multidecadal fluctuation of the CEF seesaw, and the possible role of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) in the CEF seesaw are discussed in section 5 . A summary is given in section 6 . 2. Observational data and model experiments a. Observational data and methods Monthly mean horizontal and vertical winds at multiple pressure levels, sea level pressure (SLP), precipitation, and SST data for the period 1900–2010 are derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) twentieth