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1. Introduction Urbanization is an extreme case of land-use change ( Shepherd 2005 ), along with intensive anthropogenic aerosol emissions. Worldwide urban land and population have grown rapidly over the twentieth century. All regions are expected to urbanize further during the coming decades ( Alig et al. 2004 ). In the United States, urban land is projected to increase from 39.5 million ha in 1997 to 70.5 million ha in 2025 ( Alig et al. 2004 ). Urbanization has significant local impacts on
1. Introduction Urbanization is an extreme case of land-use change ( Shepherd 2005 ), along with intensive anthropogenic aerosol emissions. Worldwide urban land and population have grown rapidly over the twentieth century. All regions are expected to urbanize further during the coming decades ( Alig et al. 2004 ). In the United States, urban land is projected to increase from 39.5 million ha in 1997 to 70.5 million ha in 2025 ( Alig et al. 2004 ). Urbanization has significant local impacts on
of over 20 m s −1 after midnight. Although Means (1954) previously described an individual LLJ event, the Great Plains Turbulence Research Program provided the first extended period of observations of the LLJ. In the six decades since that field study, the LLJ has been documented extensively through measurements from pilot balloons, radiosondes/rawinsondes, aircraft, wind profilers, and lidar (e.g., Hoecker 1963 ; Bonner 1968 ; Parish et al.1988 ; Frisch et al. 1992 ; Mitchell et al. 1995
of over 20 m s −1 after midnight. Although Means (1954) previously described an individual LLJ event, the Great Plains Turbulence Research Program provided the first extended period of observations of the LLJ. In the six decades since that field study, the LLJ has been documented extensively through measurements from pilot balloons, radiosondes/rawinsondes, aircraft, wind profilers, and lidar (e.g., Hoecker 1963 ; Bonner 1968 ; Parish et al.1988 ; Frisch et al. 1992 ; Mitchell et al. 1995
