Search Results
studies for large-scale areal averages of the terms in (1) over fixed regions of Greenland and Antarctic conterminous grounded ice sheets, sea ice fields, and a particular focus on the polar caps. Corresponding values are also tabulated for two contemporary reanalyses for comparison: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analyses (ERA-I; Simmons et al. 2007 ) and the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis
studies for large-scale areal averages of the terms in (1) over fixed regions of Greenland and Antarctic conterminous grounded ice sheets, sea ice fields, and a particular focus on the polar caps. Corresponding values are also tabulated for two contemporary reanalyses for comparison: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analyses (ERA-I; Simmons et al. 2007 ) and the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis
) used the 15-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-15; Gibson et al. 1997 ) for the period 1979–93 to evaluate the South Polar cap. Serreze et al. (2007) examined the North Polar cap and Arctic Ocean domains using the more recent 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40; Uppala et al. 2005 ) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) Reanalyses ( Kalnay et al. 1996 ) for the period 1979–2001. Serreze et al. also
) used the 15-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-15; Gibson et al. 1997 ) for the period 1979–93 to evaluate the South Polar cap. Serreze et al. (2007) examined the North Polar cap and Arctic Ocean domains using the more recent 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40; Uppala et al. 2005 ) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) Reanalyses ( Kalnay et al. 1996 ) for the period 1979–2001. Serreze et al. also
resolving smaller scale features than the older NWP products. Recently the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts released more than two years (May 2008–present) of data from their high-resolution operational product in support of the Year of Coordinated Observing Modeling and Forcasting Tropical Convection (YOTC) ( Waliser and Moncrieff 2008 ), hereafter referred to as ECMWF-YOTC. Dynamical downscaling ( Kanamitsu and Kanamaru 2007 ) offers another strategy for obtaining small-scale fluxes
resolving smaller scale features than the older NWP products. Recently the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts released more than two years (May 2008–present) of data from their high-resolution operational product in support of the Year of Coordinated Observing Modeling and Forcasting Tropical Convection (YOTC) ( Waliser and Moncrieff 2008 ), hereafter referred to as ECMWF-YOTC. Dynamical downscaling ( Kanamitsu and Kanamaru 2007 ) offers another strategy for obtaining small-scale fluxes
radiative fluxes. They have been evaluated against ARM-NSA observations of radiative fluxes and cloud products. The intercomparison of four reanalysis products [the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) global reanalysis, the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40), the NCEP–NCAR North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the Japan Meteorological Agency and Central Research Institute of
radiative fluxes. They have been evaluated against ARM-NSA observations of radiative fluxes and cloud products. The intercomparison of four reanalysis products [the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) global reanalysis, the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40), the NCEP–NCAR North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the Japan Meteorological Agency and Central Research Institute of
nine pairs of satellites from SNO observations. b. Neural network retrieval A neural network approach is used to develop temperature and humidity retrieval algorithms. The training dataset is constructed by using a radiative transfer model, the Radiative Transfer for Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder version 9 (RTTOV-9), to simulate a diverse sample of reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) system ( Chevallier
nine pairs of satellites from SNO observations. b. Neural network retrieval A neural network approach is used to develop temperature and humidity retrieval algorithms. The training dataset is constructed by using a radiative transfer model, the Radiative Transfer for Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder version 9 (RTTOV-9), to simulate a diverse sample of reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) system ( Chevallier
-E), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT)] and the surface meteorology from reanalysis/forecast models [e.g., National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP), the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40), and ERA-Interim ( Yu and Weller 2007 ; Yu et al. 2008 )]. The objective analysis is used to obtain optimal estimates of flux-related surface meteorology, and the
-E), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT)] and the surface meteorology from reanalysis/forecast models [e.g., National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP), the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40), and ERA-Interim ( Yu and Weller 2007 ; Yu et al. 2008 )]. The objective analysis is used to obtain optimal estimates of flux-related surface meteorology, and the
appropriate in their heat flux calculation. For example, sea ice was treated as weekly ice cover, without considering its concentration, in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis dataset ( Kalnay et al. 1996 ) and in the 40-yr European Centre for the Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset ( Uppala et al. 2005 ). Ice concentration was taken into account in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP
appropriate in their heat flux calculation. For example, sea ice was treated as weekly ice cover, without considering its concentration, in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis dataset ( Kalnay et al. 1996 ) and in the 40-yr European Centre for the Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset ( Uppala et al. 2005 ). Ice concentration was taken into account in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP
the problem of estimating fluxes ( Gulev 2003 ). The final report ( Taylor 2000 , hereafter WGASF ) concluded that, at the time of the report, “all existing flux estimates have deficiencies.” Since the time of the WGASF report, a number of new contemporary global reanalyses have been developed as follows: the Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), 1979–present; the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) “interim” Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), 1989–present; the National
the problem of estimating fluxes ( Gulev 2003 ). The final report ( Taylor 2000 , hereafter WGASF ) concluded that, at the time of the report, “all existing flux estimates have deficiencies.” Since the time of the WGASF report, a number of new contemporary global reanalyses have been developed as follows: the Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), 1979–present; the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) “interim” Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), 1989–present; the National
