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separating the surface temperature change signals due to global and regional forcings in the observed data. The basis of this study is the fact that the surface temperature change response to land vegetation types is not present in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis (NNR) surface data, and is only partially present in the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-40), while the station
separating the surface temperature change signals due to global and regional forcings in the observed data. The basis of this study is the fact that the surface temperature change response to land vegetation types is not present in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis (NNR) surface data, and is only partially present in the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-40), while the station
relationship was found for maximum heat island intensity as a function of population. Different regression coefficients were required for North American and European settlements because European settlements were found to have smaller heat islands for a given city size. Oke (1981) extended this study and discovered that the North American and European datasets could be merged into a single relationship by regressing maximum heat island intensity against sky-view factor or height-to-width ratio H / W
relationship was found for maximum heat island intensity as a function of population. Different regression coefficients were required for North American and European settlements because European settlements were found to have smaller heat islands for a given city size. Oke (1981) extended this study and discovered that the North American and European datasets could be merged into a single relationship by regressing maximum heat island intensity against sky-view factor or height-to-width ratio H / W
important yet less studied aspect of anthropogenic land use/land cover change in climate science. Although currently only about 1%–3% of the global land surface is urbanized, the spatial extent and intensity of urban development are expected to increase dramatically in the future ( Shepherd 2005 ). More than one-half of the world’s population currently lives in urban areas, and in Europe, North America, and Japan at least 80% of the population resides in urban areas ( Elvidge et al. 2004 ). Policymakers
important yet less studied aspect of anthropogenic land use/land cover change in climate science. Although currently only about 1%–3% of the global land surface is urbanized, the spatial extent and intensity of urban development are expected to increase dramatically in the future ( Shepherd 2005 ). More than one-half of the world’s population currently lives in urban areas, and in Europe, North America, and Japan at least 80% of the population resides in urban areas ( Elvidge et al. 2004 ). Policymakers
supported by the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA). Based on the French initiative, AMMA was built by an international scientific group and is currently funded by a large number of agencies, especially from France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Africa. It has been the beneficiary of a major financial contribution from the European Community’s Sixth Framework Research Programme. We acknowledge support from NSF Grant ATM-9910857. In addition, we are grateful to the two
supported by the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA). Based on the French initiative, AMMA was built by an international scientific group and is currently funded by a large number of agencies, especially from France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Africa. It has been the beneficiary of a major financial contribution from the European Community’s Sixth Framework Research Programme. We acknowledge support from NSF Grant ATM-9910857. In addition, we are grateful to the two
