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; Hazeleger et al. 2012 ; Hazeleger et al. 2010 ), consisting of NEMO2 for the ocean; the Louvain-la-Neuve Sea-Ice Model, version 2 (LIM2); and the atmosphere module of EC-Earth resembling the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) from early 2006 (cycle CY31) of the numerical weather prediction model of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), with some updates (land surface and convection scheme) from cycle CY33. Model simulations are carried out at a resolution of T159L62 (~1
; Hazeleger et al. 2012 ; Hazeleger et al. 2010 ), consisting of NEMO2 for the ocean; the Louvain-la-Neuve Sea-Ice Model, version 2 (LIM2); and the atmosphere module of EC-Earth resembling the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) from early 2006 (cycle CY31) of the numerical weather prediction model of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), with some updates (land surface and convection scheme) from cycle CY33. Model simulations are carried out at a resolution of T159L62 (~1
environmental development under climate stabilization . Technol. Forecasting Soc. Change , 74 , 887 – 935 . Sabine , C. L. , and R. A. Feely , 2007 : The oceanic sink for carbon dioxide. Greenhouse Gas Sinks, D. S. Reay et al., Eds., CABI, 31–49. Sabine , C. L. , and Coauthors , 2004 : The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO 2 . Science , 305 , 367 – 371 , doi:10.1126/science.1097403 . Solomon , S. , D. Qin , M. Manning , M. Marquis , K. Averyt , M. M. B. Tignor , H. L
environmental development under climate stabilization . Technol. Forecasting Soc. Change , 74 , 887 – 935 . Sabine , C. L. , and R. A. Feely , 2007 : The oceanic sink for carbon dioxide. Greenhouse Gas Sinks, D. S. Reay et al., Eds., CABI, 31–49. Sabine , C. L. , and Coauthors , 2004 : The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO 2 . Science , 305 , 367 – 371 , doi:10.1126/science.1097403 . Solomon , S. , D. Qin , M. Manning , M. Marquis , K. Averyt , M. M. B. Tignor , H. L
fingerprinting. Part I: Theory . Climate Dyn. , 21 , 477 – 491 . Allen , M. , P. Stott , J. Mitchell , R. Schnur , and T. Delworth , 2000 : Quantifying the uncertainty in forecasts of anthropogenic climate change . Nature , 407 , 617 – 620 . Allen , M. , D. Frame , C. Huntingford , C. Jones , J. Lowe , M. Meinshausen , and N. Meinshausen , 2009 : Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne . Nature , 458 , 1163 – 1166 . Annan , J
fingerprinting. Part I: Theory . Climate Dyn. , 21 , 477 – 491 . Allen , M. , P. Stott , J. Mitchell , R. Schnur , and T. Delworth , 2000 : Quantifying the uncertainty in forecasts of anthropogenic climate change . Nature , 407 , 617 – 620 . Allen , M. , D. Frame , C. Huntingford , C. Jones , J. Lowe , M. Meinshausen , and N. Meinshausen , 2009 : Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne . Nature , 458 , 1163 – 1166 . Annan , J
surface temperature and precipitation were constructed from statistical interpolation of station observations by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia ( New et al. 2002 ; Mitchell and Jones 2005 ). CRU provides a global coverage only for land points between 1901 and 2006 with a spatial resolution of 0.5° ( Table 4 ). Most of the previous model–data comparison studies use the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40; or other
surface temperature and precipitation were constructed from statistical interpolation of station observations by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia ( New et al. 2002 ; Mitchell and Jones 2005 ). CRU provides a global coverage only for land points between 1901 and 2006 with a spatial resolution of 0.5° ( Table 4 ). Most of the previous model–data comparison studies use the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40; or other
