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the extratropical extreme warm and cold events during boreal winter are associated with wave responses to tropical MJO forcing. Understanding the MJO and its teleconnection is therefore crucial for an accurate forecast of extratropical weather and climate including for North America, especially for the 2–4-week range. Despite the importance of MJO teleconnection, realistic representation of the MJO has been a longstanding challenge for global climate models ( Slingo et al. 1996 ; Lin et al. 2006
the extratropical extreme warm and cold events during boreal winter are associated with wave responses to tropical MJO forcing. Understanding the MJO and its teleconnection is therefore crucial for an accurate forecast of extratropical weather and climate including for North America, especially for the 2–4-week range. Despite the importance of MJO teleconnection, realistic representation of the MJO has been a longstanding challenge for global climate models ( Slingo et al. 1996 ; Lin et al. 2006
sufficiently accurate, during the time period, for the purposes of this study ( Bromwich and Fogt 2004 ; Yu et al. 2010 ). This section describes the primary dataset utilized as well as the methodologies used to explore the data. Of particular interest is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim, 1979–2013) ( Dee et al. 2011 ), as it has been shown to be the best reanalysis currently available ( Bracegirdle and Marshall 2012 ; Jones and Lister 2015
sufficiently accurate, during the time period, for the purposes of this study ( Bromwich and Fogt 2004 ; Yu et al. 2010 ). This section describes the primary dataset utilized as well as the methodologies used to explore the data. Of particular interest is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim, 1979–2013) ( Dee et al. 2011 ), as it has been shown to be the best reanalysis currently available ( Bracegirdle and Marshall 2012 ; Jones and Lister 2015
reanalysis data As the ASL resides primarily off the coast of West Antarctica where in situ observations are sparse, this study also implements atmospheric reanalysis data. Several fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim; Dee et al. 2011 ) are examined to validate CAM4. ERA-Interim data were chosen over other contemporary global reanalyses because of its superior performance within the southern high latitudes ( Bracegirdle and Marshall
reanalysis data As the ASL resides primarily off the coast of West Antarctica where in situ observations are sparse, this study also implements atmospheric reanalysis data. Several fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim; Dee et al. 2011 ) are examined to validate CAM4. ERA-Interim data were chosen over other contemporary global reanalyses because of its superior performance within the southern high latitudes ( Bracegirdle and Marshall
