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). Understanding physical factors impacting hail occurrences is important to improve hail prediction and mitigate its impact. Urbanization could impact storm properties through the following two major pathways. The first major pathway is through changes in land surface conditions. For urban land, the most typical and extensively studied effect is the increase of surface temperature compared to the surrounding rural area, known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect (e.g., Bornstein and Lin 2000 ; Shepherd et
). Understanding physical factors impacting hail occurrences is important to improve hail prediction and mitigate its impact. Urbanization could impact storm properties through the following two major pathways. The first major pathway is through changes in land surface conditions. For urban land, the most typical and extensively studied effect is the increase of surface temperature compared to the surrounding rural area, known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect (e.g., Bornstein and Lin 2000 ; Shepherd et
://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3449.1 . 10.1175/MWR3449.1 Hu , X.-M. , and M. Xue , 2016 : Influence of synoptic sea-breeze fronts on the urban heat island intensity in Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 144 , 1487 – 1507 , https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0201.1 . 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0201.1 Janjić , Z. , 1996 : The surface layer parameterization in the NCEP Eta Model. Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling , CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation, WMO/TD-734, Rep. 23
://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3449.1 . 10.1175/MWR3449.1 Hu , X.-M. , and M. Xue , 2016 : Influence of synoptic sea-breeze fronts on the urban heat island intensity in Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 144 , 1487 – 1507 , https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0201.1 . 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0201.1 Janjić , Z. , 1996 : The surface layer parameterization in the NCEP Eta Model. Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling , CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation, WMO/TD-734, Rep. 23
1988 ; Clarke 1998 ; Goler 2009 ; Hartung and Sitkowski 2010 ); and (ii) collisions between density currents ( Smith 1988 ; Wakimoto and Kingsmill 1995 ; Goler and Reeder 2004 ; Goler 2009 ). 3. Data and methodology This study focuses on the structure and evolution of a bore near Grand Island in central Nebraska around dawn on 20 June 2015 during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field campaign ( Geerts et al. 2017 ). The 20 June bore was sampled primarily by University of
1988 ; Clarke 1998 ; Goler 2009 ; Hartung and Sitkowski 2010 ); and (ii) collisions between density currents ( Smith 1988 ; Wakimoto and Kingsmill 1995 ; Goler and Reeder 2004 ; Goler 2009 ). 3. Data and methodology This study focuses on the structure and evolution of a bore near Grand Island in central Nebraska around dawn on 20 June 2015 during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field campaign ( Geerts et al. 2017 ). The 20 June bore was sampled primarily by University of
