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upon wavelength, but also upon the cloud droplet size. They also emit efficiently in the longwave (thermal infrared 4 < λ < 50 μ m). Scattering is important at all wavelengths across the visible and infrared, but absorption dominates in the thermal infrared and is important for some bands in the near-infrared (0.8 < λ < 4 μ m). For visible wavelengths ( λ < 0.8 μ m), there is very little absorption by liquid water. 1) Longwave radiation Besides driving convective instability in
upon wavelength, but also upon the cloud droplet size. They also emit efficiently in the longwave (thermal infrared 4 < λ < 50 μ m). Scattering is important at all wavelengths across the visible and infrared, but absorption dominates in the thermal infrared and is important for some bands in the near-infrared (0.8 < λ < 4 μ m). For visible wavelengths ( λ < 0.8 μ m), there is very little absorption by liquid water. 1) Longwave radiation Besides driving convective instability in
estimates, for channel 7 of the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) at 0000 UTC 28 August 2006. Each plotted value at location i x is the product of the local increment value, namely, (𝗛 δ x )( i x ), with the corresponding local innovation value, namely, ( δ y )( i x ). This local product (𝗛 δ x )( i x ) × ( δ y )( i x ) is an estimate of the background error variance at location i x , according to Eq. (23) (including, in particular, an assumption that 𝗛 δ x and δ y are
estimates, for channel 7 of the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) at 0000 UTC 28 August 2006. Each plotted value at location i x is the product of the local increment value, namely, (𝗛 δ x )( i x ), with the corresponding local innovation value, namely, ( δ y )( i x ). This local product (𝗛 δ x )( i x ) × ( δ y )( i x ) is an estimate of the background error variance at location i x , according to Eq. (23) (including, in particular, an assumption that 𝗛 δ x and δ y are
