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earth system models using the radiatively and biogeochemically coupled simulations. This paper is organized as follows. We employ the carbon cycle feedback metrics introduced by Friedlingstein et al. (2003) to define linear and nonlinear carbon cycle feedbacks and to derive some basic properties of the BGC, RAD, and COU experiments in section 2 . The experiments and our analysis methods are described in section 3 . Section 4 focuses on analyzing the contributions of the nonlinear seawater
earth system models using the radiatively and biogeochemically coupled simulations. This paper is organized as follows. We employ the carbon cycle feedback metrics introduced by Friedlingstein et al. (2003) to define linear and nonlinear carbon cycle feedbacks and to derive some basic properties of the BGC, RAD, and COU experiments in section 2 . The experiments and our analysis methods are described in section 3 . Section 4 focuses on analyzing the contributions of the nonlinear seawater
we summarize the physical and biogeochemical model's performances for the historical experiment only (i.e., ESMs driven by CO 2 concentration). Among all the available CMIP5 ESMs, we only selected the models simulating both the land and ocean carbon fluxes and reporting enough variables for our analysis. The models used in this study, as well as their atmospheric and ocean grids and complete expansions, are listed in Table 1 ; note that all the diagnostics and statistics are computed after
we summarize the physical and biogeochemical model's performances for the historical experiment only (i.e., ESMs driven by CO 2 concentration). Among all the available CMIP5 ESMs, we only selected the models simulating both the land and ocean carbon fluxes and reporting enough variables for our analysis. The models used in this study, as well as their atmospheric and ocean grids and complete expansions, are listed in Table 1 ; note that all the diagnostics and statistics are computed after
