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weak echo regions, and horizontal vortices observed within long-lake-axis-parallel–lake-effect storms by the Doppler on Wheels . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 141 , 2821 – 2840 , doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00226.1 . Tug Hill Commission , 2014 : Environment and economy. [Available online at http://www.tughill.org/environment-economy/ ] . Walters , C. K. , J. A. Winkler , S. Husseini , R. Keeling , J. Nikolic , and S. Zhong , 2014 : Low-level jets in the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR
weak echo regions, and horizontal vortices observed within long-lake-axis-parallel–lake-effect storms by the Doppler on Wheels . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 141 , 2821 – 2840 , doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00226.1 . Tug Hill Commission , 2014 : Environment and economy. [Available online at http://www.tughill.org/environment-economy/ ] . Walters , C. K. , J. A. Winkler , S. Husseini , R. Keeling , J. Nikolic , and S. Zhong , 2014 : Low-level jets in the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR
. Campbell , and W. J. Steenburgh , 2017 : The OWLeS IOP2b lake-effect snowstorm: Dynamics of the secondary circulation . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 145 , 2437 – 2459 , doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0462.1 . 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0462.1 Bluestein , H. B. , 1985 : Fronts and jet streaks: A theoretical perspective. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting , P. S. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 173–215. 10.1007/978-1-935704-20-1_9 Bosart , L. F. , 1975 : New England coastal frontogenesis . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc
. Campbell , and W. J. Steenburgh , 2017 : The OWLeS IOP2b lake-effect snowstorm: Dynamics of the secondary circulation . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 145 , 2437 – 2459 , doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0462.1 . 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0462.1 Bluestein , H. B. , 1985 : Fronts and jet streaks: A theoretical perspective. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting , P. S. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 173–215. 10.1007/978-1-935704-20-1_9 Bosart , L. F. , 1975 : New England coastal frontogenesis . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc
. Carpenter , J. Guldner , J. Liljegren , T. Nehrkorn , F. Solheim , and F. Vandenberghe , 2003 : A multichannel radiometric profiler of temperature, humidity, and cloud water . Radio Sci. , 38 , 8079 , doi: 10.1029/2002RS002856 . White , A. B. , P. J. Neiman , F. M. Ralph , D. E. Kingsmill , and P. O. G. Persson , 2003 : Coastal orographic rainfall processes observed by radar during the California Land-falling Jets Experiment . J. Hydrometeor. , 4 , 264 – 282 , doi
. Carpenter , J. Guldner , J. Liljegren , T. Nehrkorn , F. Solheim , and F. Vandenberghe , 2003 : A multichannel radiometric profiler of temperature, humidity, and cloud water . Radio Sci. , 38 , 8079 , doi: 10.1029/2002RS002856 . White , A. B. , P. J. Neiman , F. M. Ralph , D. E. Kingsmill , and P. O. G. Persson , 2003 : Coastal orographic rainfall processes observed by radar during the California Land-falling Jets Experiment . J. Hydrometeor. , 4 , 264 – 282 , doi
1996 ) and the perturbations would not be preserved in time (e.g., Gutierrez et al. 2008 ). This evolution points to the importance of introducing information about the “errors of the day” ( Kalnay 2003 ) and tuning perturbation parameters accordingly for medium-range LES forecasts. Later, other limited-area model considerations became additional factors limiting the ensemble spread in IC. At the time of the event, a strong zonal midlevel jet with winds exceeding 50 m s −1 had moved into the
1996 ) and the perturbations would not be preserved in time (e.g., Gutierrez et al. 2008 ). This evolution points to the importance of introducing information about the “errors of the day” ( Kalnay 2003 ) and tuning perturbation parameters accordingly for medium-range LES forecasts. Later, other limited-area model considerations became additional factors limiting the ensemble spread in IC. At the time of the event, a strong zonal midlevel jet with winds exceeding 50 m s −1 had moved into the
