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–sea ice, land surface, and limited-area atmospheric models (e.g., Walsh et al. 2002 ; Rinke et al. 2006 ). Notwithstanding these wide-ranging and constructive applications, reanalyses contain some degree of uncertainty because of the limitations in the observing systems, inconsistencies between differing observations, and incomplete knowledge of the physical processes that are represented in the background weather forecast model (e.g., Thorne 2008 ; Grant et al. 2008 ; Bitz and Fu 2008 ; Hines
–sea ice, land surface, and limited-area atmospheric models (e.g., Walsh et al. 2002 ; Rinke et al. 2006 ). Notwithstanding these wide-ranging and constructive applications, reanalyses contain some degree of uncertainty because of the limitations in the observing systems, inconsistencies between differing observations, and incomplete knowledge of the physical processes that are represented in the background weather forecast model (e.g., Thorne 2008 ; Grant et al. 2008 ; Bitz and Fu 2008 ; Hines
the problem of estimating fluxes ( Gulev 2003 ). The final report ( Taylor 2000 , hereafter WGASF ) concluded that, at the time of the report, “all existing flux estimates have deficiencies.” Since the time of the WGASF report, a number of new contemporary global reanalyses have been developed as follows: the Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), 1979–present; the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) “interim” Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), 1989–present; the National
the problem of estimating fluxes ( Gulev 2003 ). The final report ( Taylor 2000 , hereafter WGASF ) concluded that, at the time of the report, “all existing flux estimates have deficiencies.” Since the time of the WGASF report, a number of new contemporary global reanalyses have been developed as follows: the Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), 1979–present; the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) “interim” Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), 1989–present; the National
al. 1977 ; Nowlin and Clifford 1982 ; Orsi et al. 1995 ; Gille 1999 ; Rintoul et al. 2001 ; Sprintall 2003 ; Lenn et al. 2007 ; Sallée et al. 2008 ; Cerovecki et al. 2011 ). The fronts produce energetic mesoscale eddies and rings ( Lutjeharms and Baker 1980 ; Daniault and Ménard 1985 ; Chelton et al. 1990 ; Gille 1994 ; Morrow et al. 1994 ; Gouretski and Danilov 1994 ) that play an important role in the redistribution of momentum and buoyancy ( Bryden 1979 ; McWilliams et al. 1978
al. 1977 ; Nowlin and Clifford 1982 ; Orsi et al. 1995 ; Gille 1999 ; Rintoul et al. 2001 ; Sprintall 2003 ; Lenn et al. 2007 ; Sallée et al. 2008 ; Cerovecki et al. 2011 ). The fronts produce energetic mesoscale eddies and rings ( Lutjeharms and Baker 1980 ; Daniault and Ménard 1985 ; Chelton et al. 1990 ; Gille 1994 ; Morrow et al. 1994 ; Gouretski and Danilov 1994 ) that play an important role in the redistribution of momentum and buoyancy ( Bryden 1979 ; McWilliams et al. 1978
