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at NCEP. Wea. Forecasting , 12 , 697 – 712 . 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0697:IOTCPS>2.0.CO;2 Zou, X. , and Kuo Y-H. , 1996 : Rainfall assimilation through an optimal control of initial and boundary conditions in a limited-area mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 124 , 2859 – 2882 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2859:RATAOC>2.0.CO;2 Županski, D. , and Mesinger F. , 1995 : Four-dimensional variational assimilation of precipitation data. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 123 , 1112 – 1127 . 10
at NCEP. Wea. Forecasting , 12 , 697 – 712 . 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0697:IOTCPS>2.0.CO;2 Zou, X. , and Kuo Y-H. , 1996 : Rainfall assimilation through an optimal control of initial and boundary conditions in a limited-area mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 124 , 2859 – 2882 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2859:RATAOC>2.0.CO;2 Županski, D. , and Mesinger F. , 1995 : Four-dimensional variational assimilation of precipitation data. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 123 , 1112 – 1127 . 10
parameterization scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 126 , 2599 – 2620 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2599:CTFFAM>2.0.CO;2 Kanamitsu, M. , and Coauthors , 2002 : NCEP dynamical seasonal forecast system 2000. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 83 , 1019 – 1037 . 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<1019:NDSFS>2.3.CO;2 Kim, J. , 1986 : The effects of an isolated mesoscale island on s stably-stratified airstream. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, 59 pp . Kim, J. , 1990 : Turbulent and gravity
parameterization scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 126 , 2599 – 2620 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2599:CTFFAM>2.0.CO;2 Kanamitsu, M. , and Coauthors , 2002 : NCEP dynamical seasonal forecast system 2000. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 83 , 1019 – 1037 . 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<1019:NDSFS>2.3.CO;2 Kim, J. , 1986 : The effects of an isolated mesoscale island on s stably-stratified airstream. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, 59 pp . Kim, J. , 1990 : Turbulent and gravity
physics are needed to improve RCM simulation. From a hydrologic point of view, the relevance of the RCM numerical simulations depends to a large extent on the simulation’s resolutions. Unfortunately, most current RCM grid resolutions, such as those adopted by the National Weather Service River Forecasting System (NWSRFS), are coarser than the requirements for river basin models. Arguably, high-resolution RCM studies that can capture the spatial variability of hydrologic/hydroclimatic variables
physics are needed to improve RCM simulation. From a hydrologic point of view, the relevance of the RCM numerical simulations depends to a large extent on the simulation’s resolutions. Unfortunately, most current RCM grid resolutions, such as those adopted by the National Weather Service River Forecasting System (NWSRFS), are coarser than the requirements for river basin models. Arguably, high-resolution RCM studies that can capture the spatial variability of hydrologic/hydroclimatic variables
from the operational mesoscale numerical weather forecast model of NCEP from the early 1990s until late June 2006, with various model upgrades periodically implemented throughout that time. Such regional climate model (RCM) configurations of the Eta Model have been applied in several regional climate model studies ( Takle et al. 1999 ; Fennessy and Shukla 2000 ; Xue et al. 2001 ). The particular version of the model used in this study is very close to the version used in the NCEP North American
from the operational mesoscale numerical weather forecast model of NCEP from the early 1990s until late June 2006, with various model upgrades periodically implemented throughout that time. Such regional climate model (RCM) configurations of the Eta Model have been applied in several regional climate model studies ( Takle et al. 1999 ; Fennessy and Shukla 2000 ; Xue et al. 2001 ). The particular version of the model used in this study is very close to the version used in the NCEP North American
