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properties follow Held et al. (1993) and depend on water path but not particle size. AM3 does not treat ice nucleation or link ice nucleation to crystal sizes. In shallow cumulus and stratiform ice clouds, ice particle sizes are diagnosed as a function of temperature, based on aircraft observations ( Donner et al. 1997 ) with radiative properties following Fu and Liou (1993) . In mesoscale updrafts associated with deep convection, ice crystals increase in size with distance from the top of the updraft
properties follow Held et al. (1993) and depend on water path but not particle size. AM3 does not treat ice nucleation or link ice nucleation to crystal sizes. In shallow cumulus and stratiform ice clouds, ice particle sizes are diagnosed as a function of temperature, based on aircraft observations ( Donner et al. 1997 ) with radiative properties following Fu and Liou (1993) . In mesoscale updrafts associated with deep convection, ice crystals increase in size with distance from the top of the updraft
the range of 4.5–7.5 μ m are common, even though they are unrealistically small. The threshold radius of 10.6 μ m in AM2 is comparable to values in cloud and mesoscale models. This value was reduced to 8 μ m in the atmospheric component AM2.1 of the coupled model CM2.1 ( Delworth et al. 2006 ). The value of the threshold radius in large-scale models, such as GCMs, is often reduced compared to finer-scale models to compensate for the neglect of in-cloud subgrid-scale variability ( Pincus and
the range of 4.5–7.5 μ m are common, even though they are unrealistically small. The threshold radius of 10.6 μ m in AM2 is comparable to values in cloud and mesoscale models. This value was reduced to 8 μ m in the atmospheric component AM2.1 of the coupled model CM2.1 ( Delworth et al. 2006 ). The value of the threshold radius in large-scale models, such as GCMs, is often reduced compared to finer-scale models to compensate for the neglect of in-cloud subgrid-scale variability ( Pincus and
NMC mesoscale eta model: Description and forecast examples . Wea. Forecasting , 9 , 265 – 278 . Böning , C. W. , A. Dispert , M. Visbeck , S. Rintoul , and F. Schwarzkopf , 2008 : The response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to recent climate change . Nat. Geosci. , 1 , 864 – 869 . Bourke , R. H. , and R. P. Garrett , 1987 : Sea ice thickness distribution in the Arctic Ocean . Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. , 13 , 259 – 280 . Cavalieri , D. , C. Parkinson , and K
NMC mesoscale eta model: Description and forecast examples . Wea. Forecasting , 9 , 265 – 278 . Böning , C. W. , A. Dispert , M. Visbeck , S. Rintoul , and F. Schwarzkopf , 2008 : The response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to recent climate change . Nat. Geosci. , 1 , 864 – 869 . Bourke , R. H. , and R. P. Garrett , 1987 : Sea ice thickness distribution in the Arctic Ocean . Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. , 13 , 259 – 280 . Cavalieri , D. , C. Parkinson , and K
