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vapor flux, and thermodynamic properties focus on this scale. It has been well documented that flooding events in the central United States are concentrated in late spring and early summer ( Wang and Chen 2009 ; Villarini et al. 2011a , b ; Smith et al. 2013 ) and that water vapor transported from the tropics is an important moisture source for precipitation and thus flooding events ( Rasmusson 1967 , 1968 , 1971 ; Trenberth and Guillemot 1996 ; Dirmeyer and Kinter 2010 ; Lavers and Villarini
vapor flux, and thermodynamic properties focus on this scale. It has been well documented that flooding events in the central United States are concentrated in late spring and early summer ( Wang and Chen 2009 ; Villarini et al. 2011a , b ; Smith et al. 2013 ) and that water vapor transported from the tropics is an important moisture source for precipitation and thus flooding events ( Rasmusson 1967 , 1968 , 1971 ; Trenberth and Guillemot 1996 ; Dirmeyer and Kinter 2010 ; Lavers and Villarini
two-stream (upward and downward fluxes) approach is used for the shortwave and longwave radiative flux calculations ( Chou and Suarez 1999 ) and its explicit interactions with clouds (microphysics). In addition, the numerical simulations use the Goddard three-class ice (3ICE) scheme ( Lang et al. 2011 ), which prognoses three types of ice hydrometeor species (i.e., cloud ice, snow, and graupel). Fig . 2. NU-WRF grid configuration. The outer domain (labeled 1 at the center) has a horizontal
two-stream (upward and downward fluxes) approach is used for the shortwave and longwave radiative flux calculations ( Chou and Suarez 1999 ) and its explicit interactions with clouds (microphysics). In addition, the numerical simulations use the Goddard three-class ice (3ICE) scheme ( Lang et al. 2011 ), which prognoses three types of ice hydrometeor species (i.e., cloud ice, snow, and graupel). Fig . 2. NU-WRF grid configuration. The outer domain (labeled 1 at the center) has a horizontal
