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Ramaswamy (1999) and Schwarzkopf and Ramaswamy (1999) , respectively, modified as in Anderson et al. (2004) . Total and spectral solar irradiances are from the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) ( Kopp et al. 2005 ), as recommended for Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) ( http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/met/ag/strat/forschung/SOLARIS/Input_data/CMIP5_solar_irradiance.html ). 1) Subgrid variability and overlap All-sky radiative transfer calculations account for the effect of clouds using the
Ramaswamy (1999) and Schwarzkopf and Ramaswamy (1999) , respectively, modified as in Anderson et al. (2004) . Total and spectral solar irradiances are from the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) ( Kopp et al. 2005 ), as recommended for Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) ( http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/met/ag/strat/forschung/SOLARIS/Input_data/CMIP5_solar_irradiance.html ). 1) Subgrid variability and overlap All-sky radiative transfer calculations account for the effect of clouds using the
subgrid assumptions also impact the representation of other cloud processes in GCMs, such as radiative and microphysical impacts of vertical cloud overlap assumptions, and horizontal cloud condensate variability (e.g., Pincus and Klein 2000 ; Barker and Räisänen 2004 , 2005 ; Pincus et al. 2006 ). 2. Background For clarity, we distinguish between a local activation parameterization and a gridbox activation parameterization. We define a local parameterization as one that is applicable at cloud
subgrid assumptions also impact the representation of other cloud processes in GCMs, such as radiative and microphysical impacts of vertical cloud overlap assumptions, and horizontal cloud condensate variability (e.g., Pincus and Klein 2000 ; Barker and Räisänen 2004 , 2005 ; Pincus et al. 2006 ). 2. Background For clarity, we distinguish between a local activation parameterization and a gridbox activation parameterization. We define a local parameterization as one that is applicable at cloud
portion of this paper employ historical radiative forcing from the years 1860–2000. Model comparisons use the ensemble mean and time mean from a five-member ensemble of historical experiments in CM2.1 and CM3 over the years 1981–2000. Each ensemble member was initialized from a different point during the 1860 radiatively forced spinups for the two respective models, with CM2.1 ensemble members initialized 40 years apart and CM3 ensemble members initialized 50 years apart. For our purposes, the
portion of this paper employ historical radiative forcing from the years 1860–2000. Model comparisons use the ensemble mean and time mean from a five-member ensemble of historical experiments in CM2.1 and CM3 over the years 1981–2000. Each ensemble member was initialized from a different point during the 1860 radiatively forced spinups for the two respective models, with CM2.1 ensemble members initialized 40 years apart and CM3 ensemble members initialized 50 years apart. For our purposes, the
