Search Results
associated with snow melting and freezing. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) derived clear-sky surface albedos were found to agree well with surface observations ( Zhang et al. 2003 ). Ground measurements provide information at high temporal resolution (from minutes to hours) but at low spatial coverage (only a spot measurement); satellite estimates can cover large regions but at relatively lower temporal resolution (hourly, daily, and monthly) and at coarser spatial scales (so far
associated with snow melting and freezing. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) derived clear-sky surface albedos were found to agree well with surface observations ( Zhang et al. 2003 ). Ground measurements provide information at high temporal resolution (from minutes to hours) but at low spatial coverage (only a spot measurement); satellite estimates can cover large regions but at relatively lower temporal resolution (hourly, daily, and monthly) and at coarser spatial scales (so far
appendix ). In the case when h i was estimated to be >0.2 m from AMSR-E, h i was set to 0.8 m. The value of h i is based on ice draft measured by an ice profiling sonar (IPS; Fukamachi et al. (2006 ; 2009) and Russian historical data ( Petrov 1998 ). In the Sea of Okhotsk, sea ice is mostly covered with snow, except for new (thin) ice ( Toyota et al. 2007 ). In this study, we assumed an h s value of 0.16 m, which is 20% of h i , for the case of the thick ice ( h i = 0.8 m). This ratio of
appendix ). In the case when h i was estimated to be >0.2 m from AMSR-E, h i was set to 0.8 m. The value of h i is based on ice draft measured by an ice profiling sonar (IPS; Fukamachi et al. (2006 ; 2009) and Russian historical data ( Petrov 1998 ). In the Sea of Okhotsk, sea ice is mostly covered with snow, except for new (thin) ice ( Toyota et al. 2007 ). In this study, we assumed an h s value of 0.16 m, which is 20% of h i , for the case of the thick ice ( h i = 0.8 m). This ratio of
guess field with an interactive sea ice model and was produced at T-382 spectral resolution. Model variables are produced from 6-h forecasts. Precipitation and latent heat flux fields were obtained at full resolution from the National Climatic Data Center for the period 1979–2005. Evaporation for the CFSR was computed from 6-h prognostic surface latent heat flux fields using snow cover and sea ice conditions to denote the latent heat of phase transition. The regions of interest are shown in Fig. 1
guess field with an interactive sea ice model and was produced at T-382 spectral resolution. Model variables are produced from 6-h forecasts. Precipitation and latent heat flux fields were obtained at full resolution from the National Climatic Data Center for the period 1979–2005. Evaporation for the CFSR was computed from 6-h prognostic surface latent heat flux fields using snow cover and sea ice conditions to denote the latent heat of phase transition. The regions of interest are shown in Fig. 1
of detailed snow physics on the simulation of snow cover and subsurface thermodynamics at continental scales . J. Hydrometeor. , 2 , 228 – 242 . Suarez , M. , 2011 : File specification for MERRA products . NASA Tech. Memo., 90 pp. [Available from Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA/GSFC Code 610.1, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771.] Trenberth , K. E. , 1997 : Using atmospheric budgets as a constraint on surface
of detailed snow physics on the simulation of snow cover and subsurface thermodynamics at continental scales . J. Hydrometeor. , 2 , 228 – 242 . Suarez , M. , 2011 : File specification for MERRA products . NASA Tech. Memo., 90 pp. [Available from Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA/GSFC Code 610.1, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771.] Trenberth , K. E. , 1997 : Using atmospheric budgets as a constraint on surface
