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-scale GWs (λ h ∼ 10–200 km) have larger impacts on atmospheric circulation, weather, and climate, but their effects are much more challenging to quantify. GW influences typically increase with altitude because decreasing density implies increasing GW amplitudes and effects. Large GW amplitudes drive nonlinear (NL) wave–wave and wave–mean flow interactions, instabilities, turbulence, and energy and momentum deposition that result in a strong evolution of the GW spectrum with altitude. These complex
-scale GWs (λ h ∼ 10–200 km) have larger impacts on atmospheric circulation, weather, and climate, but their effects are much more challenging to quantify. GW influences typically increase with altitude because decreasing density implies increasing GW amplitudes and effects. Large GW amplitudes drive nonlinear (NL) wave–wave and wave–mean flow interactions, instabilities, turbulence, and energy and momentum deposition that result in a strong evolution of the GW spectrum with altitude. These complex