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1. Introduction Pacific decadal variability (PDV) is a crucial low-frequency variability that regulates, together with a global warming trend due to anthropogenic forcing, near-term (10–30 yr) climate and weather in Pacific rim countries, as well as ecosystems in the Pacific Ocean (e.g., Mantua et al. 1997 ; Nakamura et al. 1997 ; Minobe 1997 ; Schneider and Cornuelle 2005 ; Di Lorenzo et al. 2008 ; Solomon et al. 2011 ; Liu 2012 ). Because of the societal impact of PDV (and the
1. Introduction Pacific decadal variability (PDV) is a crucial low-frequency variability that regulates, together with a global warming trend due to anthropogenic forcing, near-term (10–30 yr) climate and weather in Pacific rim countries, as well as ecosystems in the Pacific Ocean (e.g., Mantua et al. 1997 ; Nakamura et al. 1997 ; Minobe 1997 ; Schneider and Cornuelle 2005 ; Di Lorenzo et al. 2008 ; Solomon et al. 2011 ; Liu 2012 ). Because of the societal impact of PDV (and the
anomalies, and noting that does not impact the density field, can be further written as Note that is computed as the residual and thus includes dynamical temperature anomalies arising from nonlinear processes that are not represented in Eq. (2) . Readers are referred to TS14 for the detailed derivation of Eqs. (1) and (2) and to Furue et al. (2015) for an alternative derivation for a specific case considering only vertical density gradients. The decomposition Eq. (1) is useful in
anomalies, and noting that does not impact the density field, can be further written as Note that is computed as the residual and thus includes dynamical temperature anomalies arising from nonlinear processes that are not represented in Eq. (2) . Readers are referred to TS14 for the detailed derivation of Eqs. (1) and (2) and to Furue et al. (2015) for an alternative derivation for a specific case considering only vertical density gradients. The decomposition Eq. (1) is useful in
