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the atmospheric models AM2 and AM3 and the coupled climate models CM2.1 and CM3. A dominant change between the models is the reduced heating bias in the Southern Ocean for AM3 and CM3. We also note a slightly warmer North Pacific in CM3. Further details of these radiative changes are noted in Donner et al. (2011) . Though details will be modified owing to scattering by aerosols and clouds, these changes in the top-of-the-atmosphere radiative fluxes reflect on the surface ocean fluxes. Fig . 3
the atmospheric models AM2 and AM3 and the coupled climate models CM2.1 and CM3. A dominant change between the models is the reduced heating bias in the Southern Ocean for AM3 and CM3. We also note a slightly warmer North Pacific in CM3. Further details of these radiative changes are noted in Donner et al. (2011) . Though details will be modified owing to scattering by aerosols and clouds, these changes in the top-of-the-atmosphere radiative fluxes reflect on the surface ocean fluxes. Fig . 3
necessary for future research on phenomena such as the Southern Hemisphere annular mode, which likely plays a role in interannual variability important for decadal prediction ( Thompson and Solomon 2006 ). Section 2 describes the AM3 dynamical core. Section 3 presents its physical parameterizations, while appendix A presents brief summaries of the land, ocean, and sea ice models used with AM3 in CM3. Section 4 illustrates basic simulation characteristics of AM3 with prescribed sea surface
necessary for future research on phenomena such as the Southern Hemisphere annular mode, which likely plays a role in interannual variability important for decadal prediction ( Thompson and Solomon 2006 ). Section 2 describes the AM3 dynamical core. Section 3 presents its physical parameterizations, while appendix A presents brief summaries of the land, ocean, and sea ice models used with AM3 in CM3. Section 4 illustrates basic simulation characteristics of AM3 with prescribed sea surface
stratospheric chemistry of de Grandpré et al. (2000) . This model includes a coupled ocean and stratospheric chemistry, but not tropospheric chemistry. Thus previous climate models have lacked either tropospheric chemistry or stratospheric chemistry, or both. This gap has now been filled, in preparation for CMIP5, by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Coupled Model version 3 (CM3) ( Donner et al. 2011 ). The atmospheric model incorporates a detailed aerosol scheme and coupled tropospheric
stratospheric chemistry of de Grandpré et al. (2000) . This model includes a coupled ocean and stratospheric chemistry, but not tropospheric chemistry. Thus previous climate models have lacked either tropospheric chemistry or stratospheric chemistry, or both. This gap has now been filled, in preparation for CMIP5, by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Coupled Model version 3 (CM3) ( Donner et al. 2011 ). The atmospheric model incorporates a detailed aerosol scheme and coupled tropospheric
