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, convolution methods were applied upon the PR footprint. This study extends the T3EF analysis over the entire tropics over a 14-yr period using the version 5 TRMM products in order to provide a T3EF perspective of the land–ocean contrast in cloud–precipitation processes. T3EF is compiled for each 2.5° × 2° grid box to show the spatial variability of precipitating cloud types and signal statistics as well as land–ocean-grouped statistics over the entire tropics. A 2.5° × 2° gridded global land–ocean mask is
, convolution methods were applied upon the PR footprint. This study extends the T3EF analysis over the entire tropics over a 14-yr period using the version 5 TRMM products in order to provide a T3EF perspective of the land–ocean contrast in cloud–precipitation processes. T3EF is compiled for each 2.5° × 2° grid box to show the spatial variability of precipitating cloud types and signal statistics as well as land–ocean-grouped statistics over the entire tropics. A 2.5° × 2° gridded global land–ocean mask is
1. Introduction The number of precipitation-relevant observation platforms and algorithmic developments has increased in recent decades, yielding a large corpus of satellite quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products over the tropics. The range of applications of the products includes climatology ( Biasutti and Yuter 2013 ; Roca et al. 2014 ), hydrological modeling ( Bitew and Gebremichael 2011 ; Cassé et al. 2015 ), vegetation monitoring ( Pierre et al. 2011 ), and infectious
1. Introduction The number of precipitation-relevant observation platforms and algorithmic developments has increased in recent decades, yielding a large corpus of satellite quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products over the tropics. The range of applications of the products includes climatology ( Biasutti and Yuter 2013 ; Roca et al. 2014 ), hydrological modeling ( Bitew and Gebremichael 2011 ; Cassé et al. 2015 ), vegetation monitoring ( Pierre et al. 2011 ), and infectious
least occurrence of precipitation over land and ocean across all intensities, although note the limited extent of the GMI data. At the midlatitudes (60°–30°S and 30°–60°N), all the techniques have similar occurrences of precipitation intensity for land and ocean, although the GMI generates more high-intensity precipitation. Within the tropics (30°S–30°N) there appears to be more variation between the techniques and background surfaces: over the ocean the GMI and AMSR2 produce less light
least occurrence of precipitation over land and ocean across all intensities, although note the limited extent of the GMI data. At the midlatitudes (60°–30°S and 30°–60°N), all the techniques have similar occurrences of precipitation intensity for land and ocean, although the GMI generates more high-intensity precipitation. Within the tropics (30°S–30°N) there appears to be more variation between the techniques and background surfaces: over the ocean the GMI and AMSR2 produce less light
. Environ. Res. Lett. , 8 , 034010 , doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034010 . Liu, C. , and Zipser E. J. , 2009 : “Warm rain” in the tropics: Seasonal and regional distributions based on 9 yr of TRMM data . J. Climate , 22 , 767 – 779 , doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2641.1 . Lundquist, J. D. , Neiman P. J. , Martner B. , White A. B. , Gottas D. J. , and Ralph F. M. , 2008 : Rain versus snow in the Sierra Nevada, California: Comparing Doppler profiling radar and surface observations of melting
. Environ. Res. Lett. , 8 , 034010 , doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034010 . Liu, C. , and Zipser E. J. , 2009 : “Warm rain” in the tropics: Seasonal and regional distributions based on 9 yr of TRMM data . J. Climate , 22 , 767 – 779 , doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2641.1 . Lundquist, J. D. , Neiman P. J. , Martner B. , White A. B. , Gottas D. J. , and Ralph F. M. , 2008 : Rain versus snow in the Sierra Nevada, California: Comparing Doppler profiling radar and surface observations of melting
-latitude shallow marine clouds . J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 50 , 419 – 432 , doi: 10.1175/2010JAMC2494.1 . Liu, C. , and Zipser E. J. , 2009 : “Warm rain” in the tropics: Seasonal and regional distributions based on 9 yr of TRMM data . J. Climate , 22 , 767 – 779 , doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2641.1 . Liu, G. , 2008 : Deriving snow cloud characteristics from CloudSat observations . J. Geophys. Res. , 113 , D00A09 , doi: 10.1029/2007JD009766 . Liu, G. , and Seo E.-K. , 2013 : Detecting
-latitude shallow marine clouds . J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 50 , 419 – 432 , doi: 10.1175/2010JAMC2494.1 . Liu, C. , and Zipser E. J. , 2009 : “Warm rain” in the tropics: Seasonal and regional distributions based on 9 yr of TRMM data . J. Climate , 22 , 767 – 779 , doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2641.1 . Liu, G. , 2008 : Deriving snow cloud characteristics from CloudSat observations . J. Geophys. Res. , 113 , D00A09 , doi: 10.1029/2007JD009766 . Liu, G. , and Seo E.-K. , 2013 : Detecting
