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vapor flux, and thermodynamic properties focus on this scale. It has been well documented that flooding events in the central United States are concentrated in late spring and early summer ( Wang and Chen 2009 ; Villarini et al. 2011a , b ; Smith et al. 2013 ) and that water vapor transported from the tropics is an important moisture source for precipitation and thus flooding events ( Rasmusson 1967 , 1968 , 1971 ; Trenberth and Guillemot 1996 ; Dirmeyer and Kinter 2010 ; Lavers and Villarini
vapor flux, and thermodynamic properties focus on this scale. It has been well documented that flooding events in the central United States are concentrated in late spring and early summer ( Wang and Chen 2009 ; Villarini et al. 2011a , b ; Smith et al. 2013 ) and that water vapor transported from the tropics is an important moisture source for precipitation and thus flooding events ( Rasmusson 1967 , 1968 , 1971 ; Trenberth and Guillemot 1996 ; Dirmeyer and Kinter 2010 ; Lavers and Villarini
; Hou et al. 2014 ) core satellite. Our study focuses on atmospheric rivers (ARs) and rainfall during the IFloodS period. ARs are narrow (less than 400 km in width) and long (1000+ km in length) regions in the lower levels of the troposphere that transport large amounts of water vapor from the tropics and extratropics ( Newell et al. 1992 ; Newell and Zhu 1994 ). In extratropical cyclones, ARs generally form in the warm sector in the presence of low-level jets (LLJs) ahead of cold fronts. Because
; Hou et al. 2014 ) core satellite. Our study focuses on atmospheric rivers (ARs) and rainfall during the IFloodS period. ARs are narrow (less than 400 km in width) and long (1000+ km in length) regions in the lower levels of the troposphere that transport large amounts of water vapor from the tropics and extratropics ( Newell et al. 1992 ; Newell and Zhu 1994 ). In extratropical cyclones, ARs generally form in the warm sector in the presence of low-level jets (LLJs) ahead of cold fronts. Because
models (LSMs) has become an area of great interest. Some of these models are physically based, with a realistically meaningful structure of soil layers. Such models include the Noah land surface model ( Chen et al. 1996 ) and the Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) model ( van Dam et al. 1997 ). Others feature a more conceptual representation of soil layers in the rainfall–runoff generation process, such as the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC; Wood et al. 1992 ), NOAA/National Weather
models (LSMs) has become an area of great interest. Some of these models are physically based, with a realistically meaningful structure of soil layers. Such models include the Noah land surface model ( Chen et al. 1996 ) and the Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) model ( van Dam et al. 1997 ). Others feature a more conceptual representation of soil layers in the rainfall–runoff generation process, such as the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC; Wood et al. 1992 ), NOAA/National Weather
