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- Author or Editor: James C. Sadler x
- Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology x
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Abstract
Photographic data from TIROS satellites indicate the frequency of tropical cyclones, of tropical storm and hurricane intensity, to be some three times greater than the frequency determined by conventional meteorological data in the eastern North Pacific. The sea surface temperatures exert an influence on the size, intensity, and track of the cyclones, but another influence, which prevents a large number of cyclones from being exported into the central Pacific with hurricane force winds, appears to be the “killing” effect of extreme vertical shear as the cyclones pass through the upper tropospheric ridge line. TIROS data are presented to illustrate the effects of these influences, separately and in combination, on the life history of eastern Pacific tropical cyclones.
Some clues are proposed for estimating the intensities of tropical cyclones.
Abstract
Photographic data from TIROS satellites indicate the frequency of tropical cyclones, of tropical storm and hurricane intensity, to be some three times greater than the frequency determined by conventional meteorological data in the eastern North Pacific. The sea surface temperatures exert an influence on the size, intensity, and track of the cyclones, but another influence, which prevents a large number of cyclones from being exported into the central Pacific with hurricane force winds, appears to be the “killing” effect of extreme vertical shear as the cyclones pass through the upper tropospheric ridge line. TIROS data are presented to illustrate the effects of these influences, separately and in combination, on the life history of eastern Pacific tropical cyclones.
Some clues are proposed for estimating the intensities of tropical cyclones.
Abstract
Climatological shears between ship winds and satellite-observed, low-level cloud motions are used to derive monthly mean surface winds from satellite observations of low-level cloud drift. The derived surface winds compare well with observed surface winds from ships, moored buoys and the Seasat altimeter.
Abstract
Climatological shears between ship winds and satellite-observed, low-level cloud motions are used to derive monthly mean surface winds from satellite observations of low-level cloud drift. The derived surface winds compare well with observed surface winds from ships, moored buoys and the Seasat altimeter.
Abstract
Oceanwide direct measurement of the surface wind stress is impracticable; instead, the wind stress must be parameterized in terms of individual shipboard wind reports. The number of ship observations, however, are insufficient over the tropical oceans for an adequate analysis of the wind stress. A method is developed to take advantage of the monthly mean wind field which can be determined by meshing several sources of data with the ship observations. It is shown that a single empirical correction factor can be used to estimate the surface pseudostress from monthly mean winds for all months throughout the oceanic tropics.
Abstract
Oceanwide direct measurement of the surface wind stress is impracticable; instead, the wind stress must be parameterized in terms of individual shipboard wind reports. The number of ship observations, however, are insufficient over the tropical oceans for an adequate analysis of the wind stress. A method is developed to take advantage of the monthly mean wind field which can be determined by meshing several sources of data with the ship observations. It is shown that a single empirical correction factor can be used to estimate the surface pseudostress from monthly mean winds for all months throughout the oceanic tropics.
Abstract
Hourly values of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) formed the basis for an investigation of concentration fluctuations on daily to monthly time scales. In agreement with earlier studies we found no evidence linking the fluctuations with large-scale variations in the atmospheric circulation. Neither did local cane fires produce any measurable effects. A diurnal variation that comprises daytime forest depletion and nighttime enhancement by outgassing from the summit caldera need not affect overall data quality. We conclude that MLO is an excellent site for monitoring atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Abstract
Hourly values of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) formed the basis for an investigation of concentration fluctuations on daily to monthly time scales. In agreement with earlier studies we found no evidence linking the fluctuations with large-scale variations in the atmospheric circulation. Neither did local cane fires produce any measurable effects. A diurnal variation that comprises daytime forest depletion and nighttime enhancement by outgassing from the summit caldera need not affect overall data quality. We conclude that MLO is an excellent site for monitoring atmospheric carbon dioxide.
