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- Author or Editor: William R. Cotton x
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Abstract
In this paper, testing, implementation, and evolution of both static and dynamic seeding concepts are reviewed. A brief review of both waterspray and hygroscopic seeding is first presented. This is followed by reviews of static seeding of stable orographic clouds and supercooled cumuli. We conclude with a review of dynamic seeding concepts with particular focus on the Florida studies.
It is concluded that it is encouraging that our testing procedures have evolved from single-response-variable “blackbox” experiments to randomized experiments that attempt to test a number of components in the hypothesized chain of physical responses to seeding. It is cautioned, however, that changes in the seeding strategy to optimize detection of a physical response (in any of the intermediate links in the hypothesized chain of responses) can have an adverse effect upon rainfall on the ground.
Abstract
In this paper, testing, implementation, and evolution of both static and dynamic seeding concepts are reviewed. A brief review of both waterspray and hygroscopic seeding is first presented. This is followed by reviews of static seeding of stable orographic clouds and supercooled cumuli. We conclude with a review of dynamic seeding concepts with particular focus on the Florida studies.
It is concluded that it is encouraging that our testing procedures have evolved from single-response-variable “blackbox” experiments to randomized experiments that attempt to test a number of components in the hypothesized chain of physical responses to seeding. It is cautioned, however, that changes in the seeding strategy to optimize detection of a physical response (in any of the intermediate links in the hypothesized chain of responses) can have an adverse effect upon rainfall on the ground.
Abstract
A review of convective cloud modeling spanning the period from the days of the NOAA Experimental Meteorology Laboratory (EML) in the late 1960s to 2000 is presented. The intent is to illustrate the evolution of cloud models from the one-dimensional parcel-type models to the current generation of three-dimensional convective storm models and cloud ensemble models. Moreover, it is shown that Dr. Joanne Simpson played a pivotal role in the evolution of cloud models from the very first models to current generation cloud ensemble models. It is also shown that the first concept of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) began while Drs. Cotton and Pielke worked under Dr. Simpson's supervision at EML. It is then illustrated how far cloud modeling has come with recent applications of RAMS to atmospheric research and numerical weather prediction. The chapter concludes with an outline of the major limitations of current generation convective cloud models.
Abstract
A review of convective cloud modeling spanning the period from the days of the NOAA Experimental Meteorology Laboratory (EML) in the late 1960s to 2000 is presented. The intent is to illustrate the evolution of cloud models from the one-dimensional parcel-type models to the current generation of three-dimensional convective storm models and cloud ensemble models. Moreover, it is shown that Dr. Joanne Simpson played a pivotal role in the evolution of cloud models from the very first models to current generation cloud ensemble models. It is also shown that the first concept of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) began while Drs. Cotton and Pielke worked under Dr. Simpson's supervision at EML. It is then illustrated how far cloud modeling has come with recent applications of RAMS to atmospheric research and numerical weather prediction. The chapter concludes with an outline of the major limitations of current generation convective cloud models.
