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- Author or Editor: C. L. Crozier x
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Abstract
A precipitation physics project aimed at discovering basic relationships in the chain of cause and effect in precipitation mechanisms was operated in western Quebec province, Canada, from 1959 to 1963 inclusive. In addition to many physical measurements taken from an aircraft and on the ground, randomized cloud seeding was employed as one method of study. Clouds over one of two test areas were seeded with silver iodide released from an aircraft during the passage of synoptic-scale weather systems, with the choice of area by a random selection. Comparison of storm rainfall in the two test areas measured by a dense network of raingages was used to evaluate the effect of the cloud seeding. Statistical tests of the relationship of precipitable water and instability with the seeding effect were also conducted. A small negative seeding index was computed and a slight correlation was found between both precipitable water and instability and the seeding index ratio. However, none of these relationships was found to be statistically significant.
Abstract
A precipitation physics project aimed at discovering basic relationships in the chain of cause and effect in precipitation mechanisms was operated in western Quebec province, Canada, from 1959 to 1963 inclusive. In addition to many physical measurements taken from an aircraft and on the ground, randomized cloud seeding was employed as one method of study. Clouds over one of two test areas were seeded with silver iodide released from an aircraft during the passage of synoptic-scale weather systems, with the choice of area by a random selection. Comparison of storm rainfall in the two test areas measured by a dense network of raingages was used to evaluate the effect of the cloud seeding. Statistical tests of the relationship of precipitable water and instability with the seeding effect were also conducted. A small negative seeding index was computed and a slight correlation was found between both precipitable water and instability and the seeding index ratio. However, none of these relationships was found to be statistically significant.
Abstract
A cloud seeding technique is proposed which has the objective of stimulating rainfall from cumulus clouds drifting over forest fires. Preliminary tests of the ice crystal production capability of the cloud seeding technique were conducted on five cumulus clouds near Yellowknife, N.W.T., Canada, during July 1975. These clouds were over forest but not near forest fires. A T-33 turbulence research aircraft performed the seeding by burning wing-mounted TB1 AgI flares while flying through the clouds at the −5 to −10°C level. The T-33 turbulence measurements enabled estimates to be made of the rate of dispersion of the AgI. Microphysical measurements were made before and after seeding by an instrumented DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft flying at the seeding level, and these were compared with measurements in six untreated cumulus clouds. High concentrations of ice crystals appeared after seeding in four of the five seeded cumulus clouds, and on two occasions precipitation-sized particles appeared at the seeding level. The evidence indicates that the AgI aerosol produced large quantities of ice crystals.
Abstract
A cloud seeding technique is proposed which has the objective of stimulating rainfall from cumulus clouds drifting over forest fires. Preliminary tests of the ice crystal production capability of the cloud seeding technique were conducted on five cumulus clouds near Yellowknife, N.W.T., Canada, during July 1975. These clouds were over forest but not near forest fires. A T-33 turbulence research aircraft performed the seeding by burning wing-mounted TB1 AgI flares while flying through the clouds at the −5 to −10°C level. The T-33 turbulence measurements enabled estimates to be made of the rate of dispersion of the AgI. Microphysical measurements were made before and after seeding by an instrumented DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft flying at the seeding level, and these were compared with measurements in six untreated cumulus clouds. High concentrations of ice crystals appeared after seeding in four of the five seeded cumulus clouds, and on two occasions precipitation-sized particles appeared at the seeding level. The evidence indicates that the AgI aerosol produced large quantities of ice crystals.
Abstract
The Diabatic Influences on Mesoscale Structures in Extratropical Storms (DIAMET) project aims to improve forecasts of high-impact weather in extratropical cyclones through field measurements, high-resolution numerical modeling, and improved design of ensemble forecasting and data assimilation systems. This article introduces DIAMET and presents some of the first results. Four field campaigns were conducted by the project, one of which, in late 2011, coincided with an exceptionally stormy period marked by an unusually strong, zonal North Atlantic jet stream and a succession of severe windstorms in northwest Europe. As a result, December 2011 had the highest monthly North Atlantic Oscillation index (2.52) of any December in the last 60 years. Detailed observations of several of these storms were gathered using the U.K.’s BAe 146 research aircraft and extensive ground-based measurements. As an example of the results obtained during the campaign, observations are presented of Extratropical Cyclone Friedhelm on 8 December 2011, when surface winds with gusts exceeding 30 m s–1 crossed central Scotland, leading to widespread disruption to transportation and electricity supply. Friedhelm deepened 44 hPa in 24 h and developed a pronounced bent-back front wrapping around the storm center. The strongest winds at 850 hPa and the surface occurred in the southern quadrant of the storm, and detailed measurements showed these to be most intense in clear air between bands of showers. High-resolution ensemble forecasts from the Met Office showed similar features, with the strongest winds aligned in linear swaths between the bands, suggesting that there is potential for improved skill in forecasts of damaging winds.
Abstract
The Diabatic Influences on Mesoscale Structures in Extratropical Storms (DIAMET) project aims to improve forecasts of high-impact weather in extratropical cyclones through field measurements, high-resolution numerical modeling, and improved design of ensemble forecasting and data assimilation systems. This article introduces DIAMET and presents some of the first results. Four field campaigns were conducted by the project, one of which, in late 2011, coincided with an exceptionally stormy period marked by an unusually strong, zonal North Atlantic jet stream and a succession of severe windstorms in northwest Europe. As a result, December 2011 had the highest monthly North Atlantic Oscillation index (2.52) of any December in the last 60 years. Detailed observations of several of these storms were gathered using the U.K.’s BAe 146 research aircraft and extensive ground-based measurements. As an example of the results obtained during the campaign, observations are presented of Extratropical Cyclone Friedhelm on 8 December 2011, when surface winds with gusts exceeding 30 m s–1 crossed central Scotland, leading to widespread disruption to transportation and electricity supply. Friedhelm deepened 44 hPa in 24 h and developed a pronounced bent-back front wrapping around the storm center. The strongest winds at 850 hPa and the surface occurred in the southern quadrant of the storm, and detailed measurements showed these to be most intense in clear air between bands of showers. High-resolution ensemble forecasts from the Met Office showed similar features, with the strongest winds aligned in linear swaths between the bands, suggesting that there is potential for improved skill in forecasts of damaging winds.
