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- Author or Editor: C. L. JORDAN x
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Abstract
Summaries of ship observations for four marine areas off the west coast of Africa have been used to describe the diurnal variation of precipitation in the eastern tropical Atlantic. These long-term means show a definitive early morning maximum in precipitation frequency throughout the year, in agreement with findings in most tropical ocean areas. In contrast, data for the nearby GATE area, which are limited to summer months, show late afternoon-early evening maxima in precipitation frequency and amount. Support for differences of this type is offered by the patterns of convective activity over the tropical Atlantic shown by satellite IR data during GATE as presented by Murakami (1979).
Abstract
Summaries of ship observations for four marine areas off the west coast of Africa have been used to describe the diurnal variation of precipitation in the eastern tropical Atlantic. These long-term means show a definitive early morning maximum in precipitation frequency throughout the year, in agreement with findings in most tropical ocean areas. In contrast, data for the nearby GATE area, which are limited to summer months, show late afternoon-early evening maxima in precipitation frequency and amount. Support for differences of this type is offered by the patterns of convective activity over the tropical Atlantic shown by satellite IR data during GATE as presented by Murakami (1979).
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Abstract
Surface pressure observations at stations along the Texas coast during the approach of hurricane Carla of 1961 have been examined in an attempt to determine the extent to which the storm as a whole participated in the irregular motion indicated by the track of the storm center as followed by radar. The pressure variations at coastal stations were found, in general, to correlate rather poorly with changes in the direction and speed of motion of the storm center. The best agreement was shown by the Galveston observations which were made some 100–150 mi. to the right of the storm track.
Abstract
Surface pressure observations at stations along the Texas coast during the approach of hurricane Carla of 1961 have been examined in an attempt to determine the extent to which the storm as a whole participated in the irregular motion indicated by the track of the storm center as followed by radar. The pressure variations at coastal stations were found, in general, to correlate rather poorly with changes in the direction and speed of motion of the storm center. The best agreement was shown by the Galveston observations which were made some 100–150 mi. to the right of the storm track.
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Radiosonde observations made at Kusaie in the eastern Caroline Islands on May 15–16, 1956, reported tropopause temperatures colder than −86° C. in several instances with an extreme value of −96° C. This series of soundings is examined and compared with those made at other stations in the equatorial Pacific area.
Abstract
Radiosonde observations made at Kusaie in the eastern Caroline Islands on May 15–16, 1956, reported tropopause temperatures colder than −86° C. in several instances with an extreme value of −96° C. This series of soundings is examined and compared with those made at other stations in the equatorial Pacific area.
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Abstract
Aircraft reconnaissance observations from the eye of unusually deep typhoons (minimum sea level pressure ≤900 mb) indicate that temperature and moisture conditions in the layer between the surface and 700 mb usually undergo rather large changes at about the time of lowest pressure. Abnormally warm, dry soundings are found almost exclusively during the period that the sea level pressure is falling rapidly. Following the time of lowest pressure, the soundings are quite moist in most instances and lapse rates are very close to the moist adiabatic rate.
The size of the eye also shows systematic changes between the deepening and filling stages of the storm. The eye usually decreases in size as the storm deepens with the minimum value occurring near the time of lowest pressure. Cloud data for the eye indicate quite variable conditions and fail to show differences between the deepening and filling stages of the type which might have been expected from the observed changes in temperature and moisture within the eye.
The temperature changes in the surface to 700-mb layer offer a relatively small contribution to the observed changes in sea level pressure in tropical cyclones. Although observations are not available for the upper tropospheric portions of the eye, some qualitative statements can be made in regard to the temperature changes in this upper layer by considering the observed temperature changes in the lower layer along with the changes in sea level pressure.
Abstract
Aircraft reconnaissance observations from the eye of unusually deep typhoons (minimum sea level pressure ≤900 mb) indicate that temperature and moisture conditions in the layer between the surface and 700 mb usually undergo rather large changes at about the time of lowest pressure. Abnormally warm, dry soundings are found almost exclusively during the period that the sea level pressure is falling rapidly. Following the time of lowest pressure, the soundings are quite moist in most instances and lapse rates are very close to the moist adiabatic rate.
The size of the eye also shows systematic changes between the deepening and filling stages of the storm. The eye usually decreases in size as the storm deepens with the minimum value occurring near the time of lowest pressure. Cloud data for the eye indicate quite variable conditions and fail to show differences between the deepening and filling stages of the type which might have been expected from the observed changes in temperature and moisture within the eye.
The temperature changes in the surface to 700-mb layer offer a relatively small contribution to the observed changes in sea level pressure in tropical cyclones. Although observations are not available for the upper tropospheric portions of the eye, some qualitative statements can be made in regard to the temperature changes in this upper layer by considering the observed temperature changes in the lower layer along with the changes in sea level pressure.
Abstract
Mean aerological data for the West Indies area have been prepared from ten-year records for three stations. Mean monthly height, temperature and relative humidity data are tabulated for constant pressure surfaces. More detailed information, including density, potential temperature and specific humidity, is shown for the mean annual and the mean “hurricane season” soundings. The mean data are compared with those previously presented and some of the interesting climatological features are discussed.
Abstract
Mean aerological data for the West Indies area have been prepared from ten-year records for three stations. Mean monthly height, temperature and relative humidity data are tabulated for constant pressure surfaces. More detailed information, including density, potential temperature and specific humidity, is shown for the mean annual and the mean “hurricane season” soundings. The mean data are compared with those previously presented and some of the interesting climatological features are discussed.
Dropsonde data from the eyes of tropical cyclones are used for testing old and deriving new empirical relationships between the surface pressure and the heights of constant-pressure surfaces. The derived regressions are used for the preparation of a nomogram which can be used for estimating surface pressure in the eye of a tropical cyclone from aircraft pressure-height data at any level between the surface and 500 mb. The regressions also provide a basis for some comments on the mean thermal structure of the eye.
Dropsonde data from the eyes of tropical cyclones are used for testing old and deriving new empirical relationships between the surface pressure and the heights of constant-pressure surfaces. The derived regressions are used for the preparation of a nomogram which can be used for estimating surface pressure in the eye of a tropical cyclone from aircraft pressure-height data at any level between the surface and 500 mb. The regressions also provide a basis for some comments on the mean thermal structure of the eye.
Rawin observations made at Kindley AFB, Bermuda on 28 March 1955 reported unusually strong winds in the lower troposphere at two successive observation times. A maximum reported speed of 222 kn was shown at 9000 ft at the top of a strong frontal inversion. The credibility of these observations is examined along with aspects of the general problem of evaluating cases of extremely strong rawin reports.
Rawin observations made at Kindley AFB, Bermuda on 28 March 1955 reported unusually strong winds in the lower troposphere at two successive observation times. A maximum reported speed of 222 kn was shown at 9000 ft at the top of a strong frontal inversion. The credibility of these observations is examined along with aspects of the general problem of evaluating cases of extremely strong rawin reports.
