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- Author or Editor: Daniel H. Phillips x
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Abstract
It is shown that high–precision extinction measurements over a spectral interval can he used to infer aerosol optical parameters including the, heretofore elusive, complex index of refraction, if aerosol particles in the atmosphere are assumed to he spherical Mie scatters with a uniform refractive index over this spectral interval and their sizes are distributed according to the modified gamma function. The error analysis shows that the degree of precision required is attainable, thus making it a viable and unique real–time remote sensing device. No assumptions are made on the vertical profile of aerosols and hence, in a satellite application (occultation experiment), the difficulties due to the sphericity of the medium can be avoided.
Abstract
It is shown that high–precision extinction measurements over a spectral interval can he used to infer aerosol optical parameters including the, heretofore elusive, complex index of refraction, if aerosol particles in the atmosphere are assumed to he spherical Mie scatters with a uniform refractive index over this spectral interval and their sizes are distributed according to the modified gamma function. The error analysis shows that the degree of precision required is attainable, thus making it a viable and unique real–time remote sensing device. No assumptions are made on the vertical profile of aerosols and hence, in a satellite application (occultation experiment), the difficulties due to the sphericity of the medium can be avoided.
Abstract
Over the past few decades, heat-island related temperature increases in Phoenix, Arizona have been similar to the temperature increases predicted in a number of greenhouse simulation experiments. In this investigation, we use the Phoenix climate record to assess how increasing summertime mean temperatures are related to changes in the extreme maximum and minimum temperatures. Generally, rising mean temperatures are associated with substantial changes in the occurrence of extreme minimum temperatures (e.g., fewer days of extreme low minimum temperatures and more days of extreme high minimum temperatures). However, while the rising mean temperatures strongly influence the occurrence of moderately high maximum temperatures, they are weakly associated with the occurrence of extreme maximum temperatures. The results suggest that considerable caution should be used in predicting the occurrence of extreme temperatures from projected increases in mean temperature levels.
Abstract
Over the past few decades, heat-island related temperature increases in Phoenix, Arizona have been similar to the temperature increases predicted in a number of greenhouse simulation experiments. In this investigation, we use the Phoenix climate record to assess how increasing summertime mean temperatures are related to changes in the extreme maximum and minimum temperatures. Generally, rising mean temperatures are associated with substantial changes in the occurrence of extreme minimum temperatures (e.g., fewer days of extreme low minimum temperatures and more days of extreme high minimum temperatures). However, while the rising mean temperatures strongly influence the occurrence of moderately high maximum temperatures, they are weakly associated with the occurrence of extreme maximum temperatures. The results suggest that considerable caution should be used in predicting the occurrence of extreme temperatures from projected increases in mean temperature levels.
The National Severe Storms Laboratory, the Salt River Project (SRP), and the Electric Power Research Institute have been involved in a multiyear tailored collaboration (TC) research project. The project was jointly supported by all three agencies and had the goal of exploring potential benefits that the power industry could realize by incorporating new weather information, resulting from the National Weather Service's modernization program, into their operational decision-making process. The SRP, which is one of the nation's largest public utilities and located in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, served as a test bed for a variety of experimental techniques that could easily be emulated in the future. Activities during this TC were focused upon weather-related problems experienced during the summer monsoon months when thunderstorms can threaten or impact SRP's operations on a daily basis. Weather information and special forecasts were introduced to and shared with several of SRP's operational divisions through the course of this TC; their degree of utilization and subsequent improvements to SRP's operational efficiency are summarized in this paper.
The National Severe Storms Laboratory, the Salt River Project (SRP), and the Electric Power Research Institute have been involved in a multiyear tailored collaboration (TC) research project. The project was jointly supported by all three agencies and had the goal of exploring potential benefits that the power industry could realize by incorporating new weather information, resulting from the National Weather Service's modernization program, into their operational decision-making process. The SRP, which is one of the nation's largest public utilities and located in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, served as a test bed for a variety of experimental techniques that could easily be emulated in the future. Activities during this TC were focused upon weather-related problems experienced during the summer monsoon months when thunderstorms can threaten or impact SRP's operations on a daily basis. Weather information and special forecasts were introduced to and shared with several of SRP's operational divisions through the course of this TC; their degree of utilization and subsequent improvements to SRP's operational efficiency are summarized in this paper.
