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- Author or Editor: Harold D. Orville x
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The numerical modeling of clouds has a history almost as long as the modern-day concepts of the seeding of clouds. The various models and theoretical developments emerging from the model results are reviewed in this paper. Significant advances have been made in understanding cloud-seeding effects, which bodes well for the continued application of this form of weather modification in the future.
The numerical modeling of clouds has a history almost as long as the modern-day concepts of the seeding of clouds. The various models and theoretical developments emerging from the model results are reviewed in this paper. Significant advances have been made in understanding cloud-seeding effects, which bodes well for the continued application of this form of weather modification in the future.
Abstract
The initiation of cumulus clouds over mountainous terrain is investigated photogrammetrically. Stereo pairs taken at one- and two-minute intervals are analyzed for four days of cumulus initiation over the Santa Catalina Mountains, northeast of Tucson, Arizona. Charts of growth rates, cloud position, and tracings of clouds over the mountain ridges are presented. The environmental conditions, represented by the Tucson radiosonde and rawin soundings, are related to the growth characteristics. Two days with easterly components in the wind and two with westerly components are analyzed. The growth characteristics can be vastly different, depending upon the water vapor content of the air and the ambient winds. There is no obvious effect of the lapse rate on the initial growth rates.
The clouds form over the principal mountain ridges with their base topography in general agreement with the ridge topography on three of the four days. The ambient winds determine the position of the clouds with respect to the ridge line. The days with fairly strong winds show evidence of cloud formation in suspected lee waves. The growths in the waves are more vigorous and extend to greater heights.
Abstract
The initiation of cumulus clouds over mountainous terrain is investigated photogrammetrically. Stereo pairs taken at one- and two-minute intervals are analyzed for four days of cumulus initiation over the Santa Catalina Mountains, northeast of Tucson, Arizona. Charts of growth rates, cloud position, and tracings of clouds over the mountain ridges are presented. The environmental conditions, represented by the Tucson radiosonde and rawin soundings, are related to the growth characteristics. Two days with easterly components in the wind and two with westerly components are analyzed. The growth characteristics can be vastly different, depending upon the water vapor content of the air and the ambient winds. There is no obvious effect of the lapse rate on the initial growth rates.
The clouds form over the principal mountain ridges with their base topography in general agreement with the ridge topography on three of the four days. The ambient winds determine the position of the clouds with respect to the ridge line. The days with fairly strong winds show evidence of cloud formation in suspected lee waves. The growths in the waves are more vigorous and extend to greater heights.
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This paper reviews the field experiments and theoretical studies relating to the ice-phase seeding of summer convective clouds for the purpose of affecting their dynamic evolution and precipitation production. The review reports on studies of both tropical and extratropical clouds, citing the physical evidence for microphysical and dynamic changes and reviewing the numerical modeling efforts in support of the field experiments. The statistical evidence is also reviewed. A critique and discussion of the results is given, and many questions related to these dynamic-mode seeding hypotheses are posed. Strategies for attacking the many unsolved problems are presented briefly.
Abstract
This paper reviews the field experiments and theoretical studies relating to the ice-phase seeding of summer convective clouds for the purpose of affecting their dynamic evolution and precipitation production. The review reports on studies of both tropical and extratropical clouds, citing the physical evidence for microphysical and dynamic changes and reviewing the numerical modeling efforts in support of the field experiments. The statistical evidence is also reviewed. A critique and discussion of the results is given, and many questions related to these dynamic-mode seeding hypotheses are posed. Strategies for attacking the many unsolved problems are presented briefly.
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