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- Author or Editor: IVAN W. BRUNK x
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Abstract
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Abstract
Precipitation estimates from various sources for the different Great Lakes drainage basins are reviewed. To check the comparative accuracy of the estimates, they are correlated with the net basin supply (runoff) values for each basin. The best correspondence between net basin supply and precipitation is indicated for the smaller basins—Erie and Ontario—and the poorest for the larger basins, Michigan-Huron and Superior. It appears that reasons for the poorer relationship in the case of the larger basins include the use of calendar-year, rather than water-year, net basin supply and precipitation data, and the use of a varying number instead of a fixed-number of stations. The use of a fixed number of stations appears to climinate the possibility of the inclusion of time trend errors.
Abstract
Precipitation estimates from various sources for the different Great Lakes drainage basins are reviewed. To check the comparative accuracy of the estimates, they are correlated with the net basin supply (runoff) values for each basin. The best correspondence between net basin supply and precipitation is indicated for the smaller basins—Erie and Ontario—and the poorest for the larger basins, Michigan-Huron and Superior. It appears that reasons for the poorer relationship in the case of the larger basins include the use of calendar-year, rather than water-year, net basin supply and precipitation data, and the use of a varying number instead of a fixed-number of stations. The use of a fixed number of stations appears to climinate the possibility of the inclusion of time trend errors.
Abstract
Windstorms of 11 April 1944 were associated with the eastward movement of a large pulsation in pressure and strong easterly surface winds. Barograph and wind records from many stations are used to show the hourly movement of this pulsation. Precipitation records from the hydrologic network of recording rain-gages are used to determine the hourly movement of a sequence of four bursts of rainfall associated with thunderstorms, tornadoes and pressure pulsations. The pressure pulsation is shown to be an exceptional case of a phenomenon which is frequently overlooked, and about which as yet our knowledge of the physical processes involved is very incomplete.
Abstract
Windstorms of 11 April 1944 were associated with the eastward movement of a large pulsation in pressure and strong easterly surface winds. Barograph and wind records from many stations are used to show the hourly movement of this pulsation. Precipitation records from the hydrologic network of recording rain-gages are used to determine the hourly movement of a sequence of four bursts of rainfall associated with thunderstorms, tornadoes and pressure pulsations. The pressure pulsation is shown to be an exceptional case of a phenomenon which is frequently overlooked, and about which as yet our knowledge of the physical processes involved is very incomplete.
Squall lines are among the most severe but least understood weather phenomena. They are difficult to identify on the usual synoptic charts, and there has been some confusion concerning the definition of the terms “squall line” and “instability line.” The primary purpose of this paper is to show that squall lines can be defined and identified by the surface windshift, and that the surface windshift is highly informative as to the location of areas of severe turbulence. Characteristies of squall lines and synoptic conditions favorable for their development are discussed.
Squall lines are among the most severe but least understood weather phenomena. They are difficult to identify on the usual synoptic charts, and there has been some confusion concerning the definition of the terms “squall line” and “instability line.” The primary purpose of this paper is to show that squall lines can be defined and identified by the surface windshift, and that the surface windshift is highly informative as to the location of areas of severe turbulence. Characteristies of squall lines and synoptic conditions favorable for their development are discussed.
