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- Author or Editor: J. F. W. Purdom x
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Abstract
During the late afternoon and early evening of 6 June 1990, a series of severe thunderstorms produced nine tornadoes and numerous incidents of large hail on the High Plains of eastern Colorado. While the morning synoptic data clearly indicated a severe threat over the entire eastern half of the state, the severe activity that did occur was much more localized. Significant events were confined to a relatively small geographical region east and southeast of Denver, Colorado, including the small town of Limon some 70 miles to its southeast.
Satellite, radar, surface, and upper-air data are combined in this paper to study some of the mesoscale aspects of the severe storm environment. Results show that thunderstorm outflow from a large mesoscale convective system in Kansas and Nebraska played a crucial role in focusing the severe activity in eastern Colorado. Also, the evolution of convective development during the early part of the day suggested the presence of a sharp moisture gradient along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, which further helped to localize the outbreak. Finally, interactions between individual storms appear to have been critical to severe storm evolution.
Abstract
During the late afternoon and early evening of 6 June 1990, a series of severe thunderstorms produced nine tornadoes and numerous incidents of large hail on the High Plains of eastern Colorado. While the morning synoptic data clearly indicated a severe threat over the entire eastern half of the state, the severe activity that did occur was much more localized. Significant events were confined to a relatively small geographical region east and southeast of Denver, Colorado, including the small town of Limon some 70 miles to its southeast.
Satellite, radar, surface, and upper-air data are combined in this paper to study some of the mesoscale aspects of the severe storm environment. Results show that thunderstorm outflow from a large mesoscale convective system in Kansas and Nebraska played a crucial role in focusing the severe activity in eastern Colorado. Also, the evolution of convective development during the early part of the day suggested the presence of a sharp moisture gradient along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, which further helped to localize the outbreak. Finally, interactions between individual storms appear to have been critical to severe storm evolution.
Abstract
Extensive fires in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, during the summer of 1988 resulted in considerable smoke transport to surrounding states. The present note provides an observational evaluation of the effects of this plume on (i) surface global solar radiation, (ii) the breakup of the surface nocturnal temperature inversion during the morning, and (iii) surface heating in eastern Colorado. Significant effects in each of these categories are shown.
Abstract
Extensive fires in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, during the summer of 1988 resulted in considerable smoke transport to surrounding states. The present note provides an observational evaluation of the effects of this plume on (i) surface global solar radiation, (ii) the breakup of the surface nocturnal temperature inversion during the morning, and (iii) surface heating in eastern Colorado. Significant effects in each of these categories are shown.
The Regional and Mesoscale Meteorology (RAMM) Advanced Meteorological Satellite Demonstration and Interpretation System (RAMSDIS) was developed as part of an effort to get high quality digital satellite data to field forecasters prior to the deployment of the satellite component of the National Weather Service (NWS) Modernization Program. RAMSDIS was created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service RAMM Team. RAMSDIS has made significant contributions to NOAA's satellite training and technology transfer program. The project has had a major impact on the utilization of digital satellite data, both nationally and internationally, providing the sole source for high-resolution digital satellite data at some NWS Forecast Offices (FOs) since 1993. In addition to its use in the FO, RAMSDIS has also provided data distribution and research capabilities on a common platform to several NOAA laboratories, allowing for more efficient collaboration on digital satellite data applications and analysis tools, and has been used by the World Meteorological Organization in an effort to provide digital satellite data to developing countries in Central America and the Caribbean.
The RAMSDIS project was innovative for many reasons. This article describes the unique approaches that made the project a success and details RAMSDIS utilization within the NWS and NOAA. The next phase of RAMSDIS implementation in the international meteorological community is also described.
The Regional and Mesoscale Meteorology (RAMM) Advanced Meteorological Satellite Demonstration and Interpretation System (RAMSDIS) was developed as part of an effort to get high quality digital satellite data to field forecasters prior to the deployment of the satellite component of the National Weather Service (NWS) Modernization Program. RAMSDIS was created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service RAMM Team. RAMSDIS has made significant contributions to NOAA's satellite training and technology transfer program. The project has had a major impact on the utilization of digital satellite data, both nationally and internationally, providing the sole source for high-resolution digital satellite data at some NWS Forecast Offices (FOs) since 1993. In addition to its use in the FO, RAMSDIS has also provided data distribution and research capabilities on a common platform to several NOAA laboratories, allowing for more efficient collaboration on digital satellite data applications and analysis tools, and has been used by the World Meteorological Organization in an effort to provide digital satellite data to developing countries in Central America and the Caribbean.
The RAMSDIS project was innovative for many reasons. This article describes the unique approaches that made the project a success and details RAMSDIS utilization within the NWS and NOAA. The next phase of RAMSDIS implementation in the international meteorological community is also described.
Abstract
GOES-8 visible and infrared cloud frequency composites have been created from imagery collected during June, July, and August for the years 1996–99 over northern Florida. These cloud frequency composites are unique because they offer high-resolution coverage over a small area and have been tailored to address forecast needs. Both monthly and regime cloud frequency composites are presented. Nine regimes were designated to reflect the strength and development of the sea-breeze front under various synoptic winds and the resulting effect on convective development. The regimes were designated by mean boundary layer wind speed and direction over the region of interest. Results from four of the regimes are presented.
A total of 222 days (60% of all possible days) were designated for the various wind regimes. Regime 4 (W to SW flow) occurred most frequently (24%) and had the most widespread distribution of higher cloud frequency, occurring both near the coast and inland. Regime 2, with contrasting E to NE flow, was the next most frequently occurring regime (17%) and had lower cloud frequencies, particularly inland in Alabama and Georgia. Regime 5, with strong W to SW flow (15%, not presented) was third, followed by Regime 8 with N to NW flow (13%) and Regime 1 (11%) with light and variable or light SE flow.
The monthly composites included the days from the various regime days as well as those with a completely disturbed or completely suppressed sea-breeze circulation. Nonetheless, the influence of the sea-breeze circulation can readily be seen in the diurnal progression of cloud frequency over a month. The variations seen in monthly cloud frequency composites for June, July, and August 1996–99 highlight periods of high and low cloud frequency and offer a different perspective on year-to-year and month-to-month variability.
The regime cloud frequency results are actively being used during the summer season in aviation and public forecasting to supplement available information.
Abstract
GOES-8 visible and infrared cloud frequency composites have been created from imagery collected during June, July, and August for the years 1996–99 over northern Florida. These cloud frequency composites are unique because they offer high-resolution coverage over a small area and have been tailored to address forecast needs. Both monthly and regime cloud frequency composites are presented. Nine regimes were designated to reflect the strength and development of the sea-breeze front under various synoptic winds and the resulting effect on convective development. The regimes were designated by mean boundary layer wind speed and direction over the region of interest. Results from four of the regimes are presented.
A total of 222 days (60% of all possible days) were designated for the various wind regimes. Regime 4 (W to SW flow) occurred most frequently (24%) and had the most widespread distribution of higher cloud frequency, occurring both near the coast and inland. Regime 2, with contrasting E to NE flow, was the next most frequently occurring regime (17%) and had lower cloud frequencies, particularly inland in Alabama and Georgia. Regime 5, with strong W to SW flow (15%, not presented) was third, followed by Regime 8 with N to NW flow (13%) and Regime 1 (11%) with light and variable or light SE flow.
The monthly composites included the days from the various regime days as well as those with a completely disturbed or completely suppressed sea-breeze circulation. Nonetheless, the influence of the sea-breeze circulation can readily be seen in the diurnal progression of cloud frequency over a month. The variations seen in monthly cloud frequency composites for June, July, and August 1996–99 highlight periods of high and low cloud frequency and offer a different perspective on year-to-year and month-to-month variability.
The regime cloud frequency results are actively being used during the summer season in aviation and public forecasting to supplement available information.
Abstract
This study presents scale analysis and numerical model evaluations of the impact of cloud shading on 1) the development of sea breeze and thermally induced upslope flows and 2) the generation of mesoscale circulations between cloudy areas adjacent to clear areas. Based on the assumption of modifications of solar and longwave radiation which are typical for some overcast conditions, it was found that the reduction in the first type of circulation is significant and most noticeable in the vertical velocities. In the second case, thermally induced circulations in favorable conditions appear to approach the typical intensity of the sea breeze.
Abstract
This study presents scale analysis and numerical model evaluations of the impact of cloud shading on 1) the development of sea breeze and thermally induced upslope flows and 2) the generation of mesoscale circulations between cloudy areas adjacent to clear areas. Based on the assumption of modifications of solar and longwave radiation which are typical for some overcast conditions, it was found that the reduction in the first type of circulation is significant and most noticeable in the vertical velocities. In the second case, thermally induced circulations in favorable conditions appear to approach the typical intensity of the sea breeze.
The first Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) was launched aboard the NOAA-15 satellite on 13 May 1998. The AMSU is well suited for the observation of tropical cyclones because its measurements are not significantly affected by the ice clouds that cover tropical storms. In this paper, the following are presented: 1) upper-tropospheric thermal anomalies in tropical cyclones retrieved from AMSU data, 2) the correlation of maximum temperature anomalies with maximum wind speed and central pressure, 3) winds calculated from the temperature anomaly field, 4) comparison of AMSU data with GOES and AVHRR imagery, and 5) tropical cyclone rainfall potential. The AMSU data appear to offer substantial opportunities for improvement in tropical cyclone analysis and forecasting.
The first Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) was launched aboard the NOAA-15 satellite on 13 May 1998. The AMSU is well suited for the observation of tropical cyclones because its measurements are not significantly affected by the ice clouds that cover tropical storms. In this paper, the following are presented: 1) upper-tropospheric thermal anomalies in tropical cyclones retrieved from AMSU data, 2) the correlation of maximum temperature anomalies with maximum wind speed and central pressure, 3) winds calculated from the temperature anomaly field, 4) comparison of AMSU data with GOES and AVHRR imagery, and 5) tropical cyclone rainfall potential. The AMSU data appear to offer substantial opportunities for improvement in tropical cyclone analysis and forecasting.
