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- Author or Editor: R. Raghavan x
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Abstract
Multiparameter radar measure one or more additional parameters in addition to the conventional reflectivity factor. The combination of radar observations from a multiparameter radar is used to study the time evolution of rainstorms. A technique is presented to self-consistently compare the area–time integral (ATI) and rainfall volume estimates from convective storms, using two different measurements from a multiparameter radar. Rainfall volumes for the lifetime of individual storms are computed using the reflectivity at S hand (10-cm wavelength) as well as one-way specific attenuation at X band (3-cm wavelength). Area-time integrals are computed by summing all areas in each radar snapshot having reflectivities (S band) in excess of a preselected threshold. The multiparameter radar data used in this study were acquired by the NCAR CP-2 radra during the Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment (COHMEX) and the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment(CaPE),respectively. ATI studies were accomplished in this work using multiparameter radar data acquired during the lifetime of six convective events that occurred in the COHMEX radar coverage area. A case study from the COHMEX field campaign (20 July 1986) was selected to depict the various stages in the evolution of a storm over which the ATI and rainfall volume computations were performed using multiparameter radar data. Another case study from the CaPE field campaign (12 August 1991) was used to demonstrate the evolution of a convective cell based on differential reflectivity observations.
Abstract
Multiparameter radar measure one or more additional parameters in addition to the conventional reflectivity factor. The combination of radar observations from a multiparameter radar is used to study the time evolution of rainstorms. A technique is presented to self-consistently compare the area–time integral (ATI) and rainfall volume estimates from convective storms, using two different measurements from a multiparameter radar. Rainfall volumes for the lifetime of individual storms are computed using the reflectivity at S hand (10-cm wavelength) as well as one-way specific attenuation at X band (3-cm wavelength). Area-time integrals are computed by summing all areas in each radar snapshot having reflectivities (S band) in excess of a preselected threshold. The multiparameter radar data used in this study were acquired by the NCAR CP-2 radra during the Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment (COHMEX) and the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment(CaPE),respectively. ATI studies were accomplished in this work using multiparameter radar data acquired during the lifetime of six convective events that occurred in the COHMEX radar coverage area. A case study from the COHMEX field campaign (20 July 1986) was selected to depict the various stages in the evolution of a storm over which the ATI and rainfall volume computations were performed using multiparameter radar data. Another case study from the CaPE field campaign (12 August 1991) was used to demonstrate the evolution of a convective cell based on differential reflectivity observations.
Abstract
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Abstract
A study of the size distribution of radar echoes from precipitating clouds around Madras during the southwest and northeast monsoon seasons shows a preponderance of echo sizes in the D scale (up to 100 km2) with relatively small percentages in the C scale (101 to 1000 km2) and in the B/C scale (>1000 km2). The largest echo size observed was 21 000 km2. If the cumulative percentage frequencies of areas of cells are plotted on logarithmic probability paper, the smaller cells constituting 85–95% of the total population are seen to follow a lognormal distribution. In the larger size ranges, however, systematic deviations on either side of the lognormal graph occur.
The lognormal distribution points to a growth mechanism of convective cells by a process whereby growth at every step is a random proportion of the initial size. The deviations from the lognormal distribution in the land area in the northeast monsoon season indicate limitation of growth after the cells which develop over the sea drift over the land. In the southwest monsoon season and in the sea area during the northeast monsoon, growth is found to occur to very large sizes more often than a lognormal distribution would predict. The deviation from lognormality appears to be due to development of a stratiform mesoscale anvil cloud similar to the model of Leary and Houze in the Global Atmospheric Research Program's (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE).
Abstract
A study of the size distribution of radar echoes from precipitating clouds around Madras during the southwest and northeast monsoon seasons shows a preponderance of echo sizes in the D scale (up to 100 km2) with relatively small percentages in the C scale (101 to 1000 km2) and in the B/C scale (>1000 km2). The largest echo size observed was 21 000 km2. If the cumulative percentage frequencies of areas of cells are plotted on logarithmic probability paper, the smaller cells constituting 85–95% of the total population are seen to follow a lognormal distribution. In the larger size ranges, however, systematic deviations on either side of the lognormal graph occur.
The lognormal distribution points to a growth mechanism of convective cells by a process whereby growth at every step is a random proportion of the initial size. The deviations from the lognormal distribution in the land area in the northeast monsoon season indicate limitation of growth after the cells which develop over the sea drift over the land. In the southwest monsoon season and in the sea area during the northeast monsoon, growth is found to occur to very large sizes more often than a lognormal distribution would predict. The deviation from lognormality appears to be due to development of a stratiform mesoscale anvil cloud similar to the model of Leary and Houze in the Global Atmospheric Research Program's (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE).
Abstract
This paper uses a microphysically detailed graupel and hail melting model, described by Rasmussen and Heymsfield, which is coupled to a radar model that computes multiparameter variables such as differential reflectivity, linear depolarization ratio, the specific propagation differential phase shift and X-band specific attenuation. The microphysical model is initialized with two different summer-time sounding profiles (Colorado and Alabama). Sensitivity studies are performed with respect to particle shape and orientation distributions. The hail melting model is also initialized with a summertime sounding from the Munich, FRG area, and C-band differential reflectivity is computed for application to radar data from the DFVLR radar. A simple spherical hail melting model is also used to study the effects of absorption and scattering on the X-band attenuation. NCAR CP-2 radar measurements from the MIST (Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm) project and from CINDE (Convective Initiation and Downburst Experiment) are used to illustrate the usefulness of multiparameter data in studying the melting of ice in convective storms.
Abstract
This paper uses a microphysically detailed graupel and hail melting model, described by Rasmussen and Heymsfield, which is coupled to a radar model that computes multiparameter variables such as differential reflectivity, linear depolarization ratio, the specific propagation differential phase shift and X-band specific attenuation. The microphysical model is initialized with two different summer-time sounding profiles (Colorado and Alabama). Sensitivity studies are performed with respect to particle shape and orientation distributions. The hail melting model is also initialized with a summertime sounding from the Munich, FRG area, and C-band differential reflectivity is computed for application to radar data from the DFVLR radar. A simple spherical hail melting model is also used to study the effects of absorption and scattering on the X-band attenuation. NCAR CP-2 radar measurements from the MIST (Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm) project and from CINDE (Convective Initiation and Downburst Experiment) are used to illustrate the usefulness of multiparameter data in studying the melting of ice in convective storms.
Abstract
A scheme for simulating radar-estimated rainfall fields is described. The scheme uses a two-dimensional stochastic space–time model of rainfall events and a parameterization of drop-size distribution. Based on the statistically generated drop-size distribution, radar observables, namely, radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity, are calculated. The simulated measurable variables are corrupted with random measurement error to account for radar measurement process. Subsequently, radar observables are used in rainfall estimation. Generated fields of the simulated rainfall and the corresponding radar observables are presented. Rainfall estimates from radar simulations are also presented. Use of the described radar-data simulator is envisioned in those applications where the effects of radar rainfall errors are of interest.
Abstract
A scheme for simulating radar-estimated rainfall fields is described. The scheme uses a two-dimensional stochastic space–time model of rainfall events and a parameterization of drop-size distribution. Based on the statistically generated drop-size distribution, radar observables, namely, radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity, are calculated. The simulated measurable variables are corrupted with random measurement error to account for radar measurement process. Subsequently, radar observables are used in rainfall estimation. Generated fields of the simulated rainfall and the corresponding radar observables are presented. Rainfall estimates from radar simulations are also presented. Use of the described radar-data simulator is envisioned in those applications where the effects of radar rainfall errors are of interest.
Abstract
This paper discusses an application of polarimetric measurements at vertical incidence. In particular, the correlation coefficients between linear copular components are examined, and measurements obtained with the NSSL's and NCAR's polarimetric radars are presented. The data are from two well-defined bright bands. A sharp decrease of the correlation coefficient, confined to a height interval of a few hundred meters, marks the bottom of the bright band.
Abstract
This paper discusses an application of polarimetric measurements at vertical incidence. In particular, the correlation coefficients between linear copular components are examined, and measurements obtained with the NSSL's and NCAR's polarimetric radars are presented. The data are from two well-defined bright bands. A sharp decrease of the correlation coefficient, confined to a height interval of a few hundred meters, marks the bottom of the bright band.
Abstract
Examination of the July 1964 sea surface temperatures in the west Arabian Sea shows that during the weak monsoon over India the sea surface experienced a significant drop in temperature over a larger area compared to a period of strong monsoon. Associated with weak and strong monsoon over India are large-scale pressure changes which occur almost over the entire monsoon region and these changes are not considered to be directly related to the sea surface temperature. The pressure change over India appears to have a controlling influence on the strength of the cross-equatorial flow in the west Arabian Sea.
Abstract
Examination of the July 1964 sea surface temperatures in the west Arabian Sea shows that during the weak monsoon over India the sea surface experienced a significant drop in temperature over a larger area compared to a period of strong monsoon. Associated with weak and strong monsoon over India are large-scale pressure changes which occur almost over the entire monsoon region and these changes are not considered to be directly related to the sea surface temperature. The pressure change over India appears to have a controlling influence on the strength of the cross-equatorial flow in the west Arabian Sea.
