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Abstract
The theory of the measurement of wind velocity by sonic meansis presented. Two methods are discussed for determination of the rectangular components of the wind vector by use of the sonic principle. The response characteristics and application of sonic anemometers are discussed. A sonic anemometer for the measurement of the horizontal wind vector is described.
Abstract
The theory of the measurement of wind velocity by sonic meansis presented. Two methods are discussed for determination of the rectangular components of the wind vector by use of the sonic principle. The response characteristics and application of sonic anemometers are discussed. A sonic anemometer for the measurement of the horizontal wind vector is described.
Abstract
An investigation by modeling techniques has been made of the collision between cloud drops of equal size in the diameter range from 11 to 22 microns. It was found that such drops will collide with an initial vertical separation as large as 20 drop radii and an initial horizontal separation of approximately 0.3 drop radii. The approach velocity of the two drops, averaged over a vertical separation of 20 radii, is nearly constant at 0.1 of the terminal velocity of the drops.
An analysis was made of the collision rate between drops of equal size under the assumption that the drops are located randomly in space. It is shown that the collision rate is proportional to the square of the ratio of cloud liquid-water content to drop size.
Abstract
An investigation by modeling techniques has been made of the collision between cloud drops of equal size in the diameter range from 11 to 22 microns. It was found that such drops will collide with an initial vertical separation as large as 20 drop radii and an initial horizontal separation of approximately 0.3 drop radii. The approach velocity of the two drops, averaged over a vertical separation of 20 radii, is nearly constant at 0.1 of the terminal velocity of the drops.
An analysis was made of the collision rate between drops of equal size under the assumption that the drops are located randomly in space. It is shown that the collision rate is proportional to the square of the ratio of cloud liquid-water content to drop size.
Abstract
The optical characteristics of a newly designed two-step pyranometer head are described. The head is suitable for use in the spectral range 400-720 nm. It is characterized by a cosine error which is less than 1.5% over the angular range 0-85° and has a differential polarization cosine error no greater than 3.0% in that same angular interval.
Abstract
The optical characteristics of a newly designed two-step pyranometer head are described. The head is suitable for use in the spectral range 400-720 nm. It is characterized by a cosine error which is less than 1.5% over the angular range 0-85° and has a differential polarization cosine error no greater than 3.0% in that same angular interval.
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Since 1988, what appears to be an abnormal number of maximum temperature records has been set at the National Weather Service Office in Tucson, Arizona (TUS). We present several analyses that indicate that the current measurement system at TUS is indicating daytime temperatures that are 2 to 3 degrees too high. It appears that the instrument is not appropriately aspirated so that, during the day, temperature readings are significantly warmer than ambient air temperatures, while at night they are slightly cooler. The system at TUS is similar to one that has been installed at many National Weather Service sites around the country. We speculate on the impact this system may have on the climate record if the errors noted at Tucson are similar at the other sites.
Abstract
Since 1988, what appears to be an abnormal number of maximum temperature records has been set at the National Weather Service Office in Tucson, Arizona (TUS). We present several analyses that indicate that the current measurement system at TUS is indicating daytime temperatures that are 2 to 3 degrees too high. It appears that the instrument is not appropriately aspirated so that, during the day, temperature readings are significantly warmer than ambient air temperatures, while at night they are slightly cooler. The system at TUS is similar to one that has been installed at many National Weather Service sites around the country. We speculate on the impact this system may have on the climate record if the errors noted at Tucson are similar at the other sites.
