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D. C. Gaby
,
J. B. Lushine
,
B. M. Mayfield
,
S. C. Pearce
, and
F. E. Torres

Abstract

Estimates of the locations and maximum sustained wind speeds of all tropical and subtropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico have been made at Miami since 1971 using satellite techniques developed by Timchalk et al. (1965), Dvorak (1972) and Hebert and Poteat (1975). The estimates were compared with the National Hurricane Center's “best tracks” data to establish the measure of accuracy achieved. These data are not entirely independent because the best tracks themselves are determined partly from the satellite estimates; however, comparisons were made only during periods when aerial reconnaissance was also available. The average difference between satellite-derived maximum sustained wind speeds and best track maximum sustained wind speeds has consistently been ∼7 kt with standard deviation of ∼8 kt. The average difference between satellite locations and best track locations has decreased to ∼17 n mi, with standard deviation of ∼14 n mi, which is believed to be an approximate lower limit for the present state of the art and technology. These results and other information are provided for an 8-year period.

Full access
P. W. Thorne
,
R. J. Allan
,
L. Ashcroft
,
P. Brohan
,
R. J. H Dunn
,
M. J. Menne
,
P. R. Pearce
,
J. Picas
,
K. M. Willett
,
M. Benoy
,
S. Bronnimann
,
P. O. Canziani
,
J. Coll
,
R. Crouthamel
,
G. P. Compo
,
D. Cuppett
,
M. Curley
,
C. Duffy
,
I. Gillespie
,
J. Guijarro
,
S. Jourdain
,
E. C. Kent
,
H. Kubota
,
T. P. Legg
,
Q. Li
,
J. Matsumoto
,
C. Murphy
,
N. A. Rayner
,
J. J. Rennie
,
E. Rustemeier
,
L. C. Slivinski
,
V. Slonosky
,
A. Squintu
,
B. Tinz
,
M. A. Valente
,
S. Walsh
,
X. L. Wang
,
N. Westcott
,
K. Wood
,
S. D. Woodruff
, and
S. J. Worley

Abstract

Observations are the foundation for understanding the climate system. Yet, currently available land meteorological data are highly fractured into various global, regional, and national holdings for different variables and time scales, from a variety of sources, and in a mixture of formats. Added to this, many data are still inaccessible for analysis and usage. To meet modern scientific and societal demands as well as emerging needs such as the provision of climate services, it is essential that we improve the management and curation of available land-based meteorological holdings. We need a comprehensive global set of data holdings, of known provenance, that is truly integrated both across essential climate variables (ECVs) and across time scales to meet the broad range of stakeholder needs. These holdings must be easily discoverable, made available in accessible formats, and backed up by multitiered user support. The present paper provides a high-level overview, based upon broad community input, of the steps that are required to bring about this integration. The significant challenge is to find a sustained means to realize this vision. This requires a long-term international program. The database that results will transform our collective ability to provide societally relevant research, analysis, and predictions in many weather- and climate-related application areas across much of the globe.

Open access
Stephen Baxter
,
Gerald D Bell
,
Eric S Blake
,
Francis G Bringas
,
Suzana J Camargo
,
Lin Chen
,
Caio A. S Coelho
,
Ricardo Domingues
,
Stanley B Goldenberg
,
Gustavo Goni
,
Nicolas Fauchereau
,
Michael S Halpert
,
Qiong He
,
Philip J Klotzbach
,
John A Knaff
,
Michelle L'Heureux
,
Chris W Landsea
,
I.-I Lin
,
Andrew M Lorrey
,
Jing-Jia Luo
,
Andrew D Magee
,
Richard J Pasch
,
Petra R Pearce
,
Alexandre B Pezza
,
Matthew Rosencrans
,
Blair C Trewin
,
Ryan E Truchelut
,
Bin Wang
,
H Wang
,
Kimberly M Wood
, and
John-Mark Woolley
Free access