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- Author or Editor: V. S. Avduevsky x
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Abstract
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Abstract
Following the flight of Venera 4 in October 1967, new in-situ measurements of the temperature, pressure and density of the Venus atmosphere were made on 16 and 17 May 1969 by the Venera 5 and 6 space probes. A description of the scientific devices and an analysis of the results of the data are presented. From the results it is concluded that all measurements performed are, in general, internally consistent. The data of the Venera 4, 5 and 6 and Mariner 5 flights which overlap in altitude agree quite well. Based on these spacecraft measurements, and taking into account some ground-based data and some additional assumptions, a tentative model of the Venus atmosphere is developed from the surface up to 300 km. The extrapolated values of temperature and pressure at the mean level of the planetary surface, taking into account possible large deviations from the adiabatic model, result in a surface temperature of 770±60K and a surface pressure of 97−30 +15 atm, respectively.
Abstract
Following the flight of Venera 4 in October 1967, new in-situ measurements of the temperature, pressure and density of the Venus atmosphere were made on 16 and 17 May 1969 by the Venera 5 and 6 space probes. A description of the scientific devices and an analysis of the results of the data are presented. From the results it is concluded that all measurements performed are, in general, internally consistent. The data of the Venera 4, 5 and 6 and Mariner 5 flights which overlap in altitude agree quite well. Based on these spacecraft measurements, and taking into account some ground-based data and some additional assumptions, a tentative model of the Venus atmosphere is developed from the surface up to 300 km. The extrapolated values of temperature and pressure at the mean level of the planetary surface, taking into account possible large deviations from the adiabatic model, result in a surface temperature of 770±60K and a surface pressure of 97−30 +15 atm, respectively.
Abstract
A soft landing on the planet Venus was successfully accomplished by the automatic interplanetary station Venera 7. The temperature of the Venus atmosphere was measured during the descent and at the surface after landing. The variation of temperature and pressure with altitude on Venus was determined down to the surface by combining the temperature measurements with descent velocity derived from the Doppler shift data during the descent, and by considering the data collected previously during the flights of Veneras 4, 5 and 6.
Abstract
A soft landing on the planet Venus was successfully accomplished by the automatic interplanetary station Venera 7. The temperature of the Venus atmosphere was measured during the descent and at the surface after landing. The variation of temperature and pressure with altitude on Venus was determined down to the surface by combining the temperature measurements with descent velocity derived from the Doppler shift data during the descent, and by considering the data collected previously during the flights of Veneras 4, 5 and 6.
Abstract
The successful flights of the Venera 4, 5 and 6 probes resulted in direct, in situ measurements of the chemical composition, pressure, temperature and density of the Venus lower atmosphere, and gave rise to a tentative atmospheric model for the planet. These measurements permit a more definite discussion of the mechanisms responsible for the observed characteristics of the thermal conditions on Venus.
In this paper, an approximate analysis of heat transfer processes in the Venus atmosphere is made, representing the continuing development of the preliminary study described by Avduevsky et al. Radiative fluxes have been calculated, a model of the convective motions in the lower atmosphere has been evaluated, and the importance of radiative and convective energy transfer in the planet's total heat balance has been estimated.
Abstract
The successful flights of the Venera 4, 5 and 6 probes resulted in direct, in situ measurements of the chemical composition, pressure, temperature and density of the Venus lower atmosphere, and gave rise to a tentative atmospheric model for the planet. These measurements permit a more definite discussion of the mechanisms responsible for the observed characteristics of the thermal conditions on Venus.
In this paper, an approximate analysis of heat transfer processes in the Venus atmosphere is made, representing the continuing development of the preliminary study described by Avduevsky et al. Radiative fluxes have been calculated, a model of the convective motions in the lower atmosphere has been evaluated, and the importance of radiative and convective energy transfer in the planet's total heat balance has been estimated.
Abstract
Measurements of the flux of downward solar radiation through the atmosphere of Venus and at the planetary surface are reported. These were obtained with the interplanetary spacecraft Venera 8 which landed on the surface of Venus on 22 July 1972 after a 55-min parachute descent through the atmosphere.
A significant flux of solar radiation was found to penetrate the entire thickness of the atmosphere, with the amount at the ground ∼1.5% of that incident on the top of the atmosphere. The variation of flux with altitude indicates that the clouds have a lower boundary at an altitude of σ35 km.
Abstract
Measurements of the flux of downward solar radiation through the atmosphere of Venus and at the planetary surface are reported. These were obtained with the interplanetary spacecraft Venera 8 which landed on the surface of Venus on 22 July 1972 after a 55-min parachute descent through the atmosphere.
A significant flux of solar radiation was found to penetrate the entire thickness of the atmosphere, with the amount at the ground ∼1.5% of that incident on the top of the atmosphere. The variation of flux with altitude indicates that the clouds have a lower boundary at an altitude of σ35 km.
Abstract
Measurements of the temperature, pressure and wind speed in the atmosphere of Venus are reported. These were obtained with the interplanetary station Venera 8, which was the first entry probe to telemeter data from the solar-illuminated side of Venus.
One component of the horizontal wind velocity was obtained, for the direction from the landing site to the sub-Earth paint,σ25° from the zonal direction. This component was found to decrease from σ100 m sec−1 at an altitude of 50 km to σ0 at the ground, with the direction of flow from the day side of the planet toward the night side at all altitudes.
Abstract
Measurements of the temperature, pressure and wind speed in the atmosphere of Venus are reported. These were obtained with the interplanetary station Venera 8, which was the first entry probe to telemeter data from the solar-illuminated side of Venus.
One component of the horizontal wind velocity was obtained, for the direction from the landing site to the sub-Earth paint,σ25° from the zonal direction. This component was found to decrease from σ100 m sec−1 at an altitude of 50 km to σ0 at the ground, with the direction of flow from the day side of the planet toward the night side at all altitudes.
