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- Author or Editor: William J. Teague x
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Abstract
Estimates of Brunt-Väisälä frequencies based on measured CTD temperature profiles and estimated salinity profiles were compared to Brunt-Väisälä frequencies calculated from measured CTD temperature and salinity profiles. The methods used for estimating Brunt-Väisälä frequencies were based on averaged temperature-salinity, pressure-averaged salinity, and constant-salinity relationships using both real and model data. The quality of the estimated Brunt-Väisälä frequencies was dependent on the method used and on the nature of the local temperature-salinity variability.
Abstract
Estimates of Brunt-Väisälä frequencies based on measured CTD temperature profiles and estimated salinity profiles were compared to Brunt-Väisälä frequencies calculated from measured CTD temperature and salinity profiles. The methods used for estimating Brunt-Väisälä frequencies were based on averaged temperature-salinity, pressure-averaged salinity, and constant-salinity relationships using both real and model data. The quality of the estimated Brunt-Väisälä frequencies was dependent on the method used and on the nature of the local temperature-salinity variability.
Abstract
A theoretical model of expendable bathythermograph (XBT) fall rate is reviewed, and a new form of fall-rate equation is proposed to include new-surface transient effects. Comparisons are made of T-7 XBT and CTD (conductivity, temperature, and depth) depths of thermohaline features off Barbados. Fall-rate equation coefficients are derived and compared with the manufacturer-supplied coefficients. As other investigators have found, the Sippican equation consistently underestimates probe depth by as much as 35 m at 760 m. Analysis yields a new equation, Z=6.798t−0.002383t 2−4.01, for depths greater than about 10 m. Considerable probe-to-probe variability is noted and is found to be primarily the result of differences in the linear term or terminal velocity of the probes; variation in effective drag resulting from probe irregularities is the likely cause. Recommendations for additional work are made.
Abstract
A theoretical model of expendable bathythermograph (XBT) fall rate is reviewed, and a new form of fall-rate equation is proposed to include new-surface transient effects. Comparisons are made of T-7 XBT and CTD (conductivity, temperature, and depth) depths of thermohaline features off Barbados. Fall-rate equation coefficients are derived and compared with the manufacturer-supplied coefficients. As other investigators have found, the Sippican equation consistently underestimates probe depth by as much as 35 m at 760 m. Analysis yields a new equation, Z=6.798t−0.002383t 2−4.01, for depths greater than about 10 m. Considerable probe-to-probe variability is noted and is found to be primarily the result of differences in the linear term or terminal velocity of the probes; variation in effective drag resulting from probe irregularities is the likely cause. Recommendations for additional work are made.
Abstract
The acoustic properties of water can be drastically modified by a small amount of air content in the fluid. The dynamics of bubble clouds and their collected oscillation mechanisms are among topics of active research in underwater acoustics. In the ocean, bubble clouds are long lasting, and most of the time can be considered as passive scatterers. Solutions of the key parameters such as resonance frequencies, sound speed, and target strength can be derived from treating the bubble cloud as a homogeneous medium with proper effective bulk properties. In this paper, the resonance frequency and target strength are derived from computations based on a classical solution for acoustic scattering of elastic spheres. The range of void fractions covers four orders of magnitude and includes single air bubbles as its asymptotic condition of void fraction equals unity.
Based on these computations, it is found that the isothermal condition is approached only at very low void fraction levels (<10−4). At high void fraction (>3 × 10−1), the cloud oscillation gradually approaches adiabatic condition. Within the broad range of void fraction from 2 × 10−4 to 3 × 10−1, the effective polytropic coefficient of the bubble cloud is approximately 1.2, which is halfway between adiabatic and isothermal conditions. Also, two simple scaling laws for the resonance characteristics of a spherical bubble cloud are revealed: (i) the dimensionless resonance wavenumber is uniquely determined by the void fraction, and (ii) the backscattering cross section is uniquely determined by the resonance frequency.
Abstract
The acoustic properties of water can be drastically modified by a small amount of air content in the fluid. The dynamics of bubble clouds and their collected oscillation mechanisms are among topics of active research in underwater acoustics. In the ocean, bubble clouds are long lasting, and most of the time can be considered as passive scatterers. Solutions of the key parameters such as resonance frequencies, sound speed, and target strength can be derived from treating the bubble cloud as a homogeneous medium with proper effective bulk properties. In this paper, the resonance frequency and target strength are derived from computations based on a classical solution for acoustic scattering of elastic spheres. The range of void fractions covers four orders of magnitude and includes single air bubbles as its asymptotic condition of void fraction equals unity.
Based on these computations, it is found that the isothermal condition is approached only at very low void fraction levels (<10−4). At high void fraction (>3 × 10−1), the cloud oscillation gradually approaches adiabatic condition. Within the broad range of void fraction from 2 × 10−4 to 3 × 10−1, the effective polytropic coefficient of the bubble cloud is approximately 1.2, which is halfway between adiabatic and isothermal conditions. Also, two simple scaling laws for the resonance characteristics of a spherical bubble cloud are revealed: (i) the dimensionless resonance wavenumber is uniquely determined by the void fraction, and (ii) the backscattering cross section is uniquely determined by the resonance frequency.
Abstract
Satellites now provide global measurements of the ocean's surface height and temperature. Ocean climatologies for the northwest Pacific and northwest Atlantic Oceans that relate sea surface height, sea surface temperature, day of the year, latitude, and longitude to temperature and salinity profiles were produced using least-squares regression. These analyses use over 33 000 profiles of historical temperature and salinity data and are considerably streamlined and compacted by expressing each profile in terms of empirical orthogonal functions. Evaluations and error analyses of the climatologies, including a comparison to the navy's Generalized Digital Environmental Model, were performed and differences between the regions are discussed. Two sample vertical sections are shown to be closely reproduced with the climatologies. Climatologies based on surface height and temperature are found to offer considerable improvement over climatologies based only on position.
Abstract
Satellites now provide global measurements of the ocean's surface height and temperature. Ocean climatologies for the northwest Pacific and northwest Atlantic Oceans that relate sea surface height, sea surface temperature, day of the year, latitude, and longitude to temperature and salinity profiles were produced using least-squares regression. These analyses use over 33 000 profiles of historical temperature and salinity data and are considerably streamlined and compacted by expressing each profile in terms of empirical orthogonal functions. Evaluations and error analyses of the climatologies, including a comparison to the navy's Generalized Digital Environmental Model, were performed and differences between the regions are discussed. Two sample vertical sections are shown to be closely reproduced with the climatologies. Climatologies based on surface height and temperature are found to offer considerable improvement over climatologies based only on position.
Abstract
An anticyclonic mesoscale eddy, encountered during a hydrographic survey in the Sargasso Sea in September 1979, is described. Embedded in the eddy at a depth of 800 m was an isopycnal lens of anomalous water which extended 150 m vertically and ∼40 km horizontally. The source of the lens is not known but may be related to frontal processes in the area.
Abstract
An anticyclonic mesoscale eddy, encountered during a hydrographic survey in the Sargasso Sea in September 1979, is described. Embedded in the eddy at a depth of 800 m was an isopycnal lens of anomalous water which extended 150 m vertically and ∼40 km horizontally. The source of the lens is not known but may be related to frontal processes in the area.
Abstract
Turbulent mixing adjacent to the Velasco Reef and Kyushu–Palau Ridge, off northern Palau in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, is examined using shipboard and moored observations. The study focuses on a 9-day-long, ship-based microstructure and velocity survey, conducted in November–December 2016. Several sections (9–15 km in length) of microstructure, hydrographic, and velocity fields were acquired over and around the reef, where water depths ranged from 50 to 3000 m. Microstructure profiles were collected while steaming slowly either toward or away from the reef, and underway current surveys were conducted along quasi-rectangular boxes with side lengths of 5–10 km. Near the reef, both tidal and subtidal motions were important, while subtidal motions were stronger away from the reef. Vertical shears of currents and mixing were stronger on the northern and eastern flanks of the reef than on the western flanks. High turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates, 10−6–10−4 W kg−1, and large values of eddy diffusivities, 10−4–10−2 m2 s−1, with strong turbulent heat fluxes, 100–500 W m−2, were found. Currents flowing along the eastern side separated at the northern tip of the reef and generated submesoscale cyclonic vorticity of about 2–4 times the planetary vorticity. The analysis suggests that a torque, imparted by the turbulent bottom stress, generated the cyclonic vorticity at the northern boundary. The northern reef is associated with high vertical transports resulting from both submesoscale flow convergences and energetic mixing. Even though the area around Palau represents a small footprint of the ocean, vertical velocities and mixing rates are several orders magnitude larger than in the open ocean.
Abstract
Turbulent mixing adjacent to the Velasco Reef and Kyushu–Palau Ridge, off northern Palau in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, is examined using shipboard and moored observations. The study focuses on a 9-day-long, ship-based microstructure and velocity survey, conducted in November–December 2016. Several sections (9–15 km in length) of microstructure, hydrographic, and velocity fields were acquired over and around the reef, where water depths ranged from 50 to 3000 m. Microstructure profiles were collected while steaming slowly either toward or away from the reef, and underway current surveys were conducted along quasi-rectangular boxes with side lengths of 5–10 km. Near the reef, both tidal and subtidal motions were important, while subtidal motions were stronger away from the reef. Vertical shears of currents and mixing were stronger on the northern and eastern flanks of the reef than on the western flanks. High turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates, 10−6–10−4 W kg−1, and large values of eddy diffusivities, 10−4–10−2 m2 s−1, with strong turbulent heat fluxes, 100–500 W m−2, were found. Currents flowing along the eastern side separated at the northern tip of the reef and generated submesoscale cyclonic vorticity of about 2–4 times the planetary vorticity. The analysis suggests that a torque, imparted by the turbulent bottom stress, generated the cyclonic vorticity at the northern boundary. The northern reef is associated with high vertical transports resulting from both submesoscale flow convergences and energetic mixing. Even though the area around Palau represents a small footprint of the ocean, vertical velocities and mixing rates are several orders magnitude larger than in the open ocean.
Abstract
Voltage induced by the Tsushima Current on an abandoned submarine telephone cable between Pusan, Korea, and Hamada, Japan, has been measured since March 1998 in order to monitor the volume transport through the Korea Strait. Voltage has a good linear relationship with the transport measured by bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) along a section spanning the Korea Strait. The linear conversion factor is estimated to be Λ0 = (8.06 ± 0.63) × 106 m3 s−1 V−1 with the reference voltage of V 0 = 0.48 ± 0.07 V. The voltage-derived transport reveals various temporal variations that have not been known previously. Measurement of the cable voltage provides a reliable means for continuous monitoring of the volume transport of the Tsushima Current, which determines the major surface circulation and hydrography in the East Sea.
Abstract
Voltage induced by the Tsushima Current on an abandoned submarine telephone cable between Pusan, Korea, and Hamada, Japan, has been measured since March 1998 in order to monitor the volume transport through the Korea Strait. Voltage has a good linear relationship with the transport measured by bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) along a section spanning the Korea Strait. The linear conversion factor is estimated to be Λ0 = (8.06 ± 0.63) × 106 m3 s−1 V−1 with the reference voltage of V 0 = 0.48 ± 0.07 V. The voltage-derived transport reveals various temporal variations that have not been known previously. Measurement of the cable voltage provides a reliable means for continuous monitoring of the volume transport of the Tsushima Current, which determines the major surface circulation and hydrography in the East Sea.
Abstract
Small-scale processes at the southwestern boundary of the Ulleung Basin (UB) in the Japan/East Sea (JES) were examined using combined ship-based and moored observations along with model output. Model results show baroclinic semidiurnal tides are generated at the shelf break and corresponding slope connecting the Korea/Tsushima Strait with the UB and propagate into the UB with large barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion over the slope. Observations show high-frequency internal wave packets and indicate strong velocity shear and energetic turbulence associated with baroclinic tides in the stratified bottom layer. Solitary-like waves with frequencies from 0.2N to 0.5N (buoyancy frequency N) were found at the edge of the shelf break with supercritical flow. For subcritical flow, a hydraulic jump formed over the shelf break with weakly dispersive internal lee waves with frequencies varying from 0.5N to N. These high-frequency lee waves were trapped in the stratified bottom layer, with wave stress similar to the turbulent stress near the bottom. The power loss due to turbulent bottom drag can be an important factor for energy loss associated with the hydraulic jump. Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates of ∼10−4 W kg−1 were found. Large downward heat and salt fluxes below the high-salinity core mix warm/salty Tsushima Current Water with cold/low-salinity JES Intermediate Water. Mixing over the shelf break could be very important to the JES circulation since the calculated diapycnal upwelling (1–6 m day−1) at the shelf break and slope is substantially greater than the basin-averaged estimate from chemical tracers and modeling studies.
Significant Statement
The Japan/East Sea (JES) is a marginal sea, enclosed by Japan, Korea, and Russia. This study describes mixing processes over the shelf break connecting the northern Korea/Tsushima Strait (KTS) with the southern Ulleung Basin (UB), where the warm, high-salinity Kuroshio water carried by the Tsushima Current interacts with southward-flowing subsurface water masses in the JES. Our analysis suggests that the shelf break and slope between the KTS and the UB are vital areas for water-mass exchange in the southern JES. The enhanced mixing at the shelf break may impact water masses and circulation over the entire JES.
Abstract
Small-scale processes at the southwestern boundary of the Ulleung Basin (UB) in the Japan/East Sea (JES) were examined using combined ship-based and moored observations along with model output. Model results show baroclinic semidiurnal tides are generated at the shelf break and corresponding slope connecting the Korea/Tsushima Strait with the UB and propagate into the UB with large barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion over the slope. Observations show high-frequency internal wave packets and indicate strong velocity shear and energetic turbulence associated with baroclinic tides in the stratified bottom layer. Solitary-like waves with frequencies from 0.2N to 0.5N (buoyancy frequency N) were found at the edge of the shelf break with supercritical flow. For subcritical flow, a hydraulic jump formed over the shelf break with weakly dispersive internal lee waves with frequencies varying from 0.5N to N. These high-frequency lee waves were trapped in the stratified bottom layer, with wave stress similar to the turbulent stress near the bottom. The power loss due to turbulent bottom drag can be an important factor for energy loss associated with the hydraulic jump. Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates of ∼10−4 W kg−1 were found. Large downward heat and salt fluxes below the high-salinity core mix warm/salty Tsushima Current Water with cold/low-salinity JES Intermediate Water. Mixing over the shelf break could be very important to the JES circulation since the calculated diapycnal upwelling (1–6 m day−1) at the shelf break and slope is substantially greater than the basin-averaged estimate from chemical tracers and modeling studies.
Significant Statement
The Japan/East Sea (JES) is a marginal sea, enclosed by Japan, Korea, and Russia. This study describes mixing processes over the shelf break connecting the northern Korea/Tsushima Strait (KTS) with the southern Ulleung Basin (UB), where the warm, high-salinity Kuroshio water carried by the Tsushima Current interacts with southward-flowing subsurface water masses in the JES. Our analysis suggests that the shelf break and slope between the KTS and the UB are vital areas for water-mass exchange in the southern JES. The enhanced mixing at the shelf break may impact water masses and circulation over the entire JES.
Abstract
Air–Sea Interactions in the Northern Indian Ocean (ASIRI) is an international research effort (2013–17) aimed at understanding and quantifying coupled atmosphere–ocean dynamics of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) with relevance to Indian Ocean monsoons. Working collaboratively, more than 20 research institutions are acquiring field observations coupled with operational and high-resolution models to address scientific issues that have stymied the monsoon predictability. ASIRI combines new and mature observational technologies to resolve submesoscale to regional-scale currents and hydrophysical fields. These data reveal BoB’s sharp frontal features, submesoscale variability, low-salinity lenses and filaments, and shallow mixed layers, with relatively weak turbulent mixing. Observed physical features include energetic high-frequency internal waves in the southern BoB, energetic mesoscale and submesoscale features including an intrathermocline eddy in the central BoB, and a high-resolution view of the exchange along the periphery of Sri Lanka, which includes the 100-km-wide East India Coastal Current (EICC) carrying low-salinity water out of the BoB and an adjacent, broad northward flow (∼300 km wide) that carries high-salinity water into BoB during the northeast monsoon. Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations during the decaying phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) permit the study of multiscale atmospheric processes associated with non-MJO phenomena and their impacts on the marine boundary layer. Underway analyses that integrate observations and numerical simulations shed light on how air–sea interactions control the ABL and upper-ocean processes.
Abstract
Air–Sea Interactions in the Northern Indian Ocean (ASIRI) is an international research effort (2013–17) aimed at understanding and quantifying coupled atmosphere–ocean dynamics of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) with relevance to Indian Ocean monsoons. Working collaboratively, more than 20 research institutions are acquiring field observations coupled with operational and high-resolution models to address scientific issues that have stymied the monsoon predictability. ASIRI combines new and mature observational technologies to resolve submesoscale to regional-scale currents and hydrophysical fields. These data reveal BoB’s sharp frontal features, submesoscale variability, low-salinity lenses and filaments, and shallow mixed layers, with relatively weak turbulent mixing. Observed physical features include energetic high-frequency internal waves in the southern BoB, energetic mesoscale and submesoscale features including an intrathermocline eddy in the central BoB, and a high-resolution view of the exchange along the periphery of Sri Lanka, which includes the 100-km-wide East India Coastal Current (EICC) carrying low-salinity water out of the BoB and an adjacent, broad northward flow (∼300 km wide) that carries high-salinity water into BoB during the northeast monsoon. Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations during the decaying phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) permit the study of multiscale atmospheric processes associated with non-MJO phenomena and their impacts on the marine boundary layer. Underway analyses that integrate observations and numerical simulations shed light on how air–sea interactions control the ABL and upper-ocean processes.
