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Aerosol–Cloud Interaction in Deep Convective Clouds over the Indian Peninsula Using Spectral (Bin) Microphysicsmostly to regional aspects. However, convective clusters embedded in more realistic large-scale conditions over a large area were not investigated. There are very few studies available over the Indian region on aerosol–cloud interaction that investigate the cloud particle size spectra. Extensive aircraft data over India suggested that the effect of aerosol loading and moisture modulates the drop size distribution, which in turn affects ice microphysical processes, especially the processes in the
mostly to regional aspects. However, convective clusters embedded in more realistic large-scale conditions over a large area were not investigated. There are very few studies available over the Indian region on aerosol–cloud interaction that investigate the cloud particle size spectra. Extensive aircraft data over India suggested that the effect of aerosol loading and moisture modulates the drop size distribution, which in turn affects ice microphysical processes, especially the processes in the
1. Introduction The radiative effect of the interactions between atmospheric aerosol and boundary layer clouds remains a large source of uncertainty in estimates of climate sensitivity to anthropogenic forcing (e.g., Boucher et al. 2013 ). Improving forecasts of the fraction of the sky covered by boundary layer clouds is also a priority for solar renewable energy applications ( Perez et al. 2016 ). The need for an improved understanding of aerosol–cloud–radiation variability is clear, but the
1. Introduction The radiative effect of the interactions between atmospheric aerosol and boundary layer clouds remains a large source of uncertainty in estimates of climate sensitivity to anthropogenic forcing (e.g., Boucher et al. 2013 ). Improving forecasts of the fraction of the sky covered by boundary layer clouds is also a priority for solar renewable energy applications ( Perez et al. 2016 ). The need for an improved understanding of aerosol–cloud–radiation variability is clear, but the
distribution, and water solubility), but are also affected by the background climate settings like water vapor abundance and surface albedo. In particular, cloud adjustment effect, which includes both the aerosol–cloud microphysics interactions and the influences of meteorological changes, strongly depends on cloud types and atmospheric conditions ( Fan et al. 2016 ), while the resultant radiative impacts also depend on the altitude where cloud changes occur ( Stephens 2005 ). These complexities make
distribution, and water solubility), but are also affected by the background climate settings like water vapor abundance and surface albedo. In particular, cloud adjustment effect, which includes both the aerosol–cloud microphysics interactions and the influences of meteorological changes, strongly depends on cloud types and atmospheric conditions ( Fan et al. 2016 ), while the resultant radiative impacts also depend on the altitude where cloud changes occur ( Stephens 2005 ). These complexities make
1. Introduction Aerosols have been well known to significantly impact the Earth–atmosphere system indirectly by altering cloud microphysics and precipitation; these effects are referred to as aerosol–cloud interactions or indirect effects ( Twomey 1977 ; Albrecht 1989 ; Pincus and Baker 1994 ; Haywood and Boucher 2000 ; Rosenfeld et al. 2008 ). An increase in aerosol loading increases the number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), thereby creating numerous smaller cloud droplets and
1. Introduction Aerosols have been well known to significantly impact the Earth–atmosphere system indirectly by altering cloud microphysics and precipitation; these effects are referred to as aerosol–cloud interactions or indirect effects ( Twomey 1977 ; Albrecht 1989 ; Pincus and Baker 1994 ; Haywood and Boucher 2000 ; Rosenfeld et al. 2008 ). An increase in aerosol loading increases the number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), thereby creating numerous smaller cloud droplets and
other aerosols, the two major ways dust can alter ambient meteorological conditions, formation and development of cloud, and large-scale circulations are by interacting with 1) radiation (i.e., the dust–radiation interaction, dust-direct effect, or dust-radiative effect) and 2) clouds (i.e., the dust–cloud interaction, dust-indirect effect, or dust-microphysical effect) ( Shi et al. 2014 , Fan et al. 2016 ). Generally, a layer of suspended dust heats the atmosphere within the layer and cools the
other aerosols, the two major ways dust can alter ambient meteorological conditions, formation and development of cloud, and large-scale circulations are by interacting with 1) radiation (i.e., the dust–radiation interaction, dust-direct effect, or dust-radiative effect) and 2) clouds (i.e., the dust–cloud interaction, dust-indirect effect, or dust-microphysical effect) ( Shi et al. 2014 , Fan et al. 2016 ). Generally, a layer of suspended dust heats the atmosphere within the layer and cools the
decrease precipitation in other regions over East China, but these precipitation changes are statistically insignificant. These previous studies have demonstrated that anthropogenic BC is a potential driver of changes in the East Asian atmospheric water cycle. Dong et al. (2019) pointed out that the relative roles of aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI; i.e., direct effect) and aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) of anthropogenic aerosols on the Asian climate change remain pendent. Therefore, one aim of
decrease precipitation in other regions over East China, but these precipitation changes are statistically insignificant. These previous studies have demonstrated that anthropogenic BC is a potential driver of changes in the East Asian atmospheric water cycle. Dong et al. (2019) pointed out that the relative roles of aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI; i.e., direct effect) and aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) of anthropogenic aerosols on the Asian climate change remain pendent. Therefore, one aim of
, southeast Pacific, west Pacific, and northeast Atlantic. In these regions, StCu cloud decks are not influenced by a seasonal biomass-burning layer such as the one in the southeast Atlantic. The Observations of Aerosols above Clouds and Their Interactions (ORACLES) campaign, taking place over the southeast Atlantic Ocean from 2016 to 2018, has provided new and unique observations for assessing cloud and aerosol interactions. Over the course of the first two years of the experiment, 18 different
, southeast Pacific, west Pacific, and northeast Atlantic. In these regions, StCu cloud decks are not influenced by a seasonal biomass-burning layer such as the one in the southeast Atlantic. The Observations of Aerosols above Clouds and Their Interactions (ORACLES) campaign, taking place over the southeast Atlantic Ocean from 2016 to 2018, has provided new and unique observations for assessing cloud and aerosol interactions. Over the course of the first two years of the experiment, 18 different
; Zeng et al. 2012 ; Cho et al. 2015 ) remain a concern. Additional ground-based and airborne remote sensing, and airborne in situ measurements, are therefore needed to evaluate satellite retrievals. A 2014 community workshop at the University of Washington discussed these issues, recognizing the need for a large international multiagency effort to improve the understanding of clouds, aerosols, precipitation and their interactions over the SO ( Marchand et al. 2014 ). The workshop served as a
; Zeng et al. 2012 ; Cho et al. 2015 ) remain a concern. Additional ground-based and airborne remote sensing, and airborne in situ measurements, are therefore needed to evaluate satellite retrievals. A 2014 community workshop at the University of Washington discussed these issues, recognizing the need for a large international multiagency effort to improve the understanding of clouds, aerosols, precipitation and their interactions over the SO ( Marchand et al. 2014 ). The workshop served as a
-emitted aerosols on climate have received more attention recently. The fire aerosols’ radiative effect (RE) and radiative forcing (RF) are estimated to quantify its impacts. RE represents the instantaneous radiative impact of atmospheric particles on Earth’s energy balance ( Heald et al. 2014 ), and RF is calculated as the change of RE between two different periods (e.g., preindustrial and present-day). The fire aerosols’ radiative effects/forcings could be due to aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI), aerosol–cloud
-emitted aerosols on climate have received more attention recently. The fire aerosols’ radiative effect (RE) and radiative forcing (RF) are estimated to quantify its impacts. RE represents the instantaneous radiative impact of atmospheric particles on Earth’s energy balance ( Heald et al. 2014 ), and RF is calculated as the change of RE between two different periods (e.g., preindustrial and present-day). The fire aerosols’ radiative effects/forcings could be due to aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI), aerosol–cloud
). The role of aerosols in the Arctic climate is especially complex due to the diverse processes that control their abundance and their chemical and physical properties (e.g., Willis et al. 2018 ). Knowledge gaps in aerosol sources, sinks, and transformation processes, and uncertainties in aerosol–cloud interactions are among the reasons why current climate models have difficulties reproducing the current and future climate in the Arctic ( Schmale et al. 2021 ). At Ny-Ålesund on Svalbard, the
). The role of aerosols in the Arctic climate is especially complex due to the diverse processes that control their abundance and their chemical and physical properties (e.g., Willis et al. 2018 ). Knowledge gaps in aerosol sources, sinks, and transformation processes, and uncertainties in aerosol–cloud interactions are among the reasons why current climate models have difficulties reproducing the current and future climate in the Arctic ( Schmale et al. 2021 ). At Ny-Ålesund on Svalbard, the
