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1. Introduction Nepal is a landlocked nation located in South Asia, and it is cited as having some of the most critical air quality challenges in the world, which can have detrimental human health impacts ( Health Effects Institute 2020 ). Nepal also experiences an annual monsoon season, marked by periods of prolonged rainfall that significantly reduce average air pollution levels for four months (June–September) ( Regmi et al. 2021 ). Given the nation’s air quality challenges, air
1. Introduction Nepal is a landlocked nation located in South Asia, and it is cited as having some of the most critical air quality challenges in the world, which can have detrimental human health impacts ( Health Effects Institute 2020 ). Nepal also experiences an annual monsoon season, marked by periods of prolonged rainfall that significantly reduce average air pollution levels for four months (June–September) ( Regmi et al. 2021 ). Given the nation’s air quality challenges, air
The exchange of reactive trace gases and particulate matter (PM) between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems influences air pollution, ecosystems, and climate. Even though land–atmosphere exchanges of reactive gases and PM are expected to evolve with climate and human activities, they are poorly understood from a mechanistic perspective (e.g., Barth et al. 2005 ; Fowler et al. 2009 ; Fiore et al. 2015 ; Kanakidou et al. 2018 ). Advances in the fields of atmospheric chemistry and land
The exchange of reactive trace gases and particulate matter (PM) between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems influences air pollution, ecosystems, and climate. Even though land–atmosphere exchanges of reactive gases and PM are expected to evolve with climate and human activities, they are poorly understood from a mechanistic perspective (e.g., Barth et al. 2005 ; Fowler et al. 2009 ; Fiore et al. 2015 ; Kanakidou et al. 2018 ). Advances in the fields of atmospheric chemistry and land
, 2047 – 2064 . Givati , A. , and D. Rosenfeld , 2004 : Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. J. Appl. Meteor. , 43 , 1038 – 1056 . Givati , A. , and D. Rosenfeld , 2005 : Separation between cloud-seeding and air-pollution effects. J. Appl. Meteor. , 44 , 1298 – 1315 . Goldreich , Y. , 2003 : The Climate of Israel: Observations, Research, and Applications . Kluwer Academic, 270 pp . Goldreich , Y. , and A. Manes , 1979 : Urban effects on
, 2047 – 2064 . Givati , A. , and D. Rosenfeld , 2004 : Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. J. Appl. Meteor. , 43 , 1038 – 1056 . Givati , A. , and D. Rosenfeld , 2005 : Separation between cloud-seeding and air-pollution effects. J. Appl. Meteor. , 44 , 1298 – 1315 . Goldreich , Y. , 2003 : The Climate of Israel: Observations, Research, and Applications . Kluwer Academic, 270 pp . Goldreich , Y. , and A. Manes , 1979 : Urban effects on
). Understanding heat- and air-pollution-related health impacts is important for urban development and adequate public health care interventions, as reviews show the strong relationship between built environment, accessible green spaces, and people’s health ( Kent and Thompson 2014 ; Coppel and Wüstemann 2017 ). With time series data, the adverse effects of heat and air pollution on morbidity have been already examined for different cities and countries ( Ashworth et al. 2021 ; Sherbakov et al. 2018 ; Wasem
). Understanding heat- and air-pollution-related health impacts is important for urban development and adequate public health care interventions, as reviews show the strong relationship between built environment, accessible green spaces, and people’s health ( Kent and Thompson 2014 ; Coppel and Wüstemann 2017 ). With time series data, the adverse effects of heat and air pollution on morbidity have been already examined for different cities and countries ( Ashworth et al. 2021 ; Sherbakov et al. 2018 ; Wasem
1. Introduction Air pollution episodes in a region can be attributed to high emission levels and favorable meteorological conditions. Most air pollution control strategies are aimed at emissions reductions as a measure to keep pollutant levels in check. The outcome of such strategies depends upon relatively accurate understanding of chemical transformation and long- and short-range transport of primary–secondary pollutant species in the atmosphere. Meteorological variables like temperature
1. Introduction Air pollution episodes in a region can be attributed to high emission levels and favorable meteorological conditions. Most air pollution control strategies are aimed at emissions reductions as a measure to keep pollutant levels in check. The outcome of such strategies depends upon relatively accurate understanding of chemical transformation and long- and short-range transport of primary–secondary pollutant species in the atmosphere. Meteorological variables like temperature
observations in aerosol vertical distribution within PBL in China are conducted by means of tethered balloon ( Guan et al. 2022 ), unmanned aerial vehicle ( Wu et al. 2021 ), cable car ( Duan et al. 2021 ), meteorological tower ( Sun et al. 2015 ), and ground stations at rapidly increasing altitudes from basin to mountain ( Yin et al. 2020 ; Zhao et al. 2019 ). As an important environmental condition for air pollution studies, basin and mountain meteorology are widely studied in urban and agricultural
observations in aerosol vertical distribution within PBL in China are conducted by means of tethered balloon ( Guan et al. 2022 ), unmanned aerial vehicle ( Wu et al. 2021 ), cable car ( Duan et al. 2021 ), meteorological tower ( Sun et al. 2015 ), and ground stations at rapidly increasing altitudes from basin to mountain ( Yin et al. 2020 ; Zhao et al. 2019 ). As an important environmental condition for air pollution studies, basin and mountain meteorology are widely studied in urban and agricultural
1. Introduction The recent years have seen rapid growth of megacities around the world, especially in South Asia ( Kraas 2007 ); it is estimated that 60% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2030 ( Sokhi 2008 ). This rapid growth of the urban population also brings with it increasing demands for energy-based goods and services, as well as the associated pollution. Urban air pollution has emerged as a major concern for the populations of megacities (cities having populations equal
1. Introduction The recent years have seen rapid growth of megacities around the world, especially in South Asia ( Kraas 2007 ); it is estimated that 60% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2030 ( Sokhi 2008 ). This rapid growth of the urban population also brings with it increasing demands for energy-based goods and services, as well as the associated pollution. Urban air pollution has emerged as a major concern for the populations of megacities (cities having populations equal
Mediterranean Environment) of the Commission of the European Union ( http://www.circeproject.eu/ ). REFERENCES Alpert , P. , N. Halfon , and Z. Levin , 2008 : Does air pollution really suppress precipitation in Israel? J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 47 , 933 – 943 . Givati , A. , and D. Rosenfeld , 2004 : Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. J. Appl. Meteor. , 43 , 1038 – 1056 . Givati , A. , and D. Rosenfeld , 2005 : Separation between cloud-seeding and air-pollution
Mediterranean Environment) of the Commission of the European Union ( http://www.circeproject.eu/ ). REFERENCES Alpert , P. , N. Halfon , and Z. Levin , 2008 : Does air pollution really suppress precipitation in Israel? J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 47 , 933 – 943 . Givati , A. , and D. Rosenfeld , 2004 : Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. J. Appl. Meteor. , 43 , 1038 – 1056 . Givati , A. , and D. Rosenfeld , 2005 : Separation between cloud-seeding and air-pollution
88 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW MARCH 1960FORECASTING AIR POLLUTION POTENTIALLAWRENCE E. NIEMEYER 2U.S. Weather Bureau Research Station, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Public Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio[Manuscript received February 2, 19601ABSTRACTA procedure for forecasting weather conditions conducive to high air pollution levels over a large area as a primaryalerting system for potentially hazardous conditions is presented. Experiments conducted in the fall of 1957 and 1958to test
88 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW MARCH 1960FORECASTING AIR POLLUTION POTENTIALLAWRENCE E. NIEMEYER 2U.S. Weather Bureau Research Station, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Public Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio[Manuscript received February 2, 19601ABSTRACTA procedure for forecasting weather conditions conducive to high air pollution levels over a large area as a primaryalerting system for potentially hazardous conditions is presented. Experiments conducted in the fall of 1957 and 1958to test
low-Earth orbits provide observations only once per day and, as a result, are unable to monitor pollution throughout the daytime. Geostationary air quality constellation A new era of satellite imaging spectrometers in geostationary orbit is already upon us. The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) of the Ministry of Environment, South Korea, recently launched the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS; Kim et al. 2020 ) in February 2020 with a field of regard (FoR
low-Earth orbits provide observations only once per day and, as a result, are unable to monitor pollution throughout the daytime. Geostationary air quality constellation A new era of satellite imaging spectrometers in geostationary orbit is already upon us. The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) of the Ministry of Environment, South Korea, recently launched the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS; Kim et al. 2020 ) in February 2020 with a field of regard (FoR
