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paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the mathematical formulation and computational implementation of AA. Details of the case study, comparative analysis, and trend analysis are presented in section 3 . Results are presented in section 4 , and the paper concludes in section 5 with a discussion of the limitations of the study and potential further applications of AA. 2. Archetypal analysis a. Mathematical formulation Consider an m × n matrix = { x 1,1 , …, x m , n
paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the mathematical formulation and computational implementation of AA. Details of the case study, comparative analysis, and trend analysis are presented in section 3 . Results are presented in section 4 , and the paper concludes in section 5 with a discussion of the limitations of the study and potential further applications of AA. 2. Archetypal analysis a. Mathematical formulation Consider an m × n matrix = { x 1,1 , …, x m , n
A Unique Satellite-Based Sea Surface Wind Speed Algorithm and Its Application in Tropical Cyclone Intensity Analysisand speed through the following 120 h. In addition, the minimum sea level pressure ( ) and the maximum surface wind ( ) are forecast through 72 h. The majority of TC values reported by operational centers are derived from application of the Dvorak technique by converting a Dvorak current intensity (CI) number directly to a ( Velden et al. 2012 ). Thus, differences in the CI values between agencies are commonly expected within a ±0.5 CI number between different analysts performing the
and speed through the following 120 h. In addition, the minimum sea level pressure ( ) and the maximum surface wind ( ) are forecast through 72 h. The majority of TC values reported by operational centers are derived from application of the Dvorak technique by converting a Dvorak current intensity (CI) number directly to a ( Velden et al. 2012 ). Thus, differences in the CI values between agencies are commonly expected within a ±0.5 CI number between different analysts performing the
1962 S. D O N A L D C A S E, J R. 489Some Applications of Meteorological Probabilities S. DoNA~.~) CASE, JR.U. S. Navy Weather Research Facility, Norfolk 11, Va.(Manuscript received 27 April 1962)ABSTRACT Selected definitions of probability are used as a basis to determine the versatility of meteorological probabilities in operational planning from unbroken weather data. A technique which employs their
1962 S. D O N A L D C A S E, J R. 489Some Applications of Meteorological Probabilities S. DoNA~.~) CASE, JR.U. S. Navy Weather Research Facility, Norfolk 11, Va.(Manuscript received 27 April 1962)ABSTRACT Selected definitions of probability are used as a basis to determine the versatility of meteorological probabilities in operational planning from unbroken weather data. A technique which employs their
1412 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLU~20Applied Climatology: Some Data Sources and Applications WILLIAM A. HAGGARDClimatological Consulting Corporation, Ashevi!!e, NC 28805(Manuscript received 8 December 1980, in final form 31 March 1981) ABS. TRACT The importance of climate to early and modern societies is briefly reviewed. Some comments are offeredon presently available
1412 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLU~20Applied Climatology: Some Data Sources and Applications WILLIAM A. HAGGARDClimatological Consulting Corporation, Ashevi!!e, NC 28805(Manuscript received 8 December 1980, in final form 31 March 1981) ABS. TRACT The importance of climate to early and modern societies is briefly reviewed. Some comments are offeredon presently available
. M. , 2014 : Complexities in communication and collaboration in the hurricane warning system . Commun. Stud. , 65 , 468 – 483 , doi: 10.1080/10510974.2014.957785 . Baker, E. J. , 1995 : Public response to hurricane probability forecasts . Prof. Geogr. , 47 , 137 – 147 , doi: 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.00137.x . Bostrom, A. , Fischhoff B. , and Morgan M. G. , 1992 : Characterizing mental models of hazardous processes: A methodology and an application to radon . J. Soc. Issues
. M. , 2014 : Complexities in communication and collaboration in the hurricane warning system . Commun. Stud. , 65 , 468 – 483 , doi: 10.1080/10510974.2014.957785 . Baker, E. J. , 1995 : Public response to hurricane probability forecasts . Prof. Geogr. , 47 , 137 – 147 , doi: 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.00137.x . Bostrom, A. , Fischhoff B. , and Morgan M. G. , 1992 : Characterizing mental models of hazardous processes: A methodology and an application to radon . J. Soc. Issues
136 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME5Four-Dimensional Imaging for Meteorological Applications T. H. YONDER I-~AAR, A. C. MEADE, R. J. CRAIG AND D. L. REINKECooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) and Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 2 January 1987 and 3 June 1987ABSTRACT Advanced software routines have
136 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME5Four-Dimensional Imaging for Meteorological Applications T. H. YONDER I-~AAR, A. C. MEADE, R. J. CRAIG AND D. L. REINKECooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) and Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 2 January 1987 and 3 June 1987ABSTRACT Advanced software routines have
considerations of cooling and heating properties can be achieved through the probability theory application. In general, the probability of a cooling period L c with a length at least equal to m can be written implicitly as A simpler version of this equation emerges when the successive occurrences of the temperature records are independent from each other: On the other hand, if the temperature occurrences are also identically distributed, then the simplest case results in the power form as P ( L c ≥ m
considerations of cooling and heating properties can be achieved through the probability theory application. In general, the probability of a cooling period L c with a length at least equal to m can be written implicitly as A simpler version of this equation emerges when the successive occurrences of the temperature records are independent from each other: On the other hand, if the temperature occurrences are also identically distributed, then the simplest case results in the power form as P ( L c ≥ m
objective, SEPA partnered with the United Kingdom’s National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) and the University of Leeds’ School of Earth and Environment to conduct a pilot study of the use of X-band radar entitled Radar Applications in Northern Scotland (RAiNS). Operational weather radar data quality over northern Scotland, particularly near Inverness, is reduced due to the location and spacing of radars relative to the mountainous terrain. In addition, orographic enhancement created by the
objective, SEPA partnered with the United Kingdom’s National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) and the University of Leeds’ School of Earth and Environment to conduct a pilot study of the use of X-band radar entitled Radar Applications in Northern Scotland (RAiNS). Operational weather radar data quality over northern Scotland, particularly near Inverness, is reduced due to the location and spacing of radars relative to the mountainous terrain. In addition, orographic enhancement created by the
Distributed Temperature Sensing for Oceanographic Applications. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems are attractive due to their ability to continuously sample at relatively high temporal and spatial resolution for significant duration over broad spatial scales. Although DTS use in environmental applications has increased since 2006, application to oceanography is complex and still relatively rare ( Shanafield et al. 2018 ). DTS systems observe the Raman scatter from laser light pulsed through an optical fiber to observe its temperature. Sensitive electronics
. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems are attractive due to their ability to continuously sample at relatively high temporal and spatial resolution for significant duration over broad spatial scales. Although DTS use in environmental applications has increased since 2006, application to oceanography is complex and still relatively rare ( Shanafield et al. 2018 ). DTS systems observe the Raman scatter from laser light pulsed through an optical fiber to observe its temperature. Sensitive electronics
1. Introduction Lightning-caused impacts to both people and infrastructure are substantial in the United States and globally ( Holle 2016 ). In terms of lightning avoidance for individuals as well as industrial applications, a balance needs to be assessed between safety and efficiency. Airport ramp closures leading to stoppage of ground operations are an example of exposure to the lightning threat. Impacts include suspension of refueling, baggage handling, aircraft movement, aircraft and cabin
1. Introduction Lightning-caused impacts to both people and infrastructure are substantial in the United States and globally ( Holle 2016 ). In terms of lightning avoidance for individuals as well as industrial applications, a balance needs to be assessed between safety and efficiency. Airport ramp closures leading to stoppage of ground operations are an example of exposure to the lightning threat. Impacts include suspension of refueling, baggage handling, aircraft movement, aircraft and cabin
