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1. Introduction Any historical account of a field as broad and deep as atmospheric chemistry must, by necessity, be selective. In a short account, such as this one, many important individuals, concepts, and discoveries must be omitted from discussion, despite their importance. Moreover, a selective account, such as this one gives the impression that progress was made by following a singular path. This impression could not be further from the truth! Progress in atmospheric chemistry proceeds by
1. Introduction Any historical account of a field as broad and deep as atmospheric chemistry must, by necessity, be selective. In a short account, such as this one, many important individuals, concepts, and discoveries must be omitted from discussion, despite their importance. Moreover, a selective account, such as this one gives the impression that progress was made by following a singular path. This impression could not be further from the truth! Progress in atmospheric chemistry proceeds by
ensemble-type and square root–type algorithms and it can be interpreted as a variance reducer for the EnKF. In this paper the COFFEE algorithm was coupled with the EUROS model. Contrary to Heemink et al. (2001) , in this study, a real-life, large-scale atmospheric chemistry model with a complex ozone chemistry scheme was used, with the grid covering the whole of Europe ( Hanea et al. 2004 ). The complexity of the model and the large-scale properties make this application very interesting from the
ensemble-type and square root–type algorithms and it can be interpreted as a variance reducer for the EnKF. In this paper the COFFEE algorithm was coupled with the EUROS model. Contrary to Heemink et al. (2001) , in this study, a real-life, large-scale atmospheric chemistry model with a complex ozone chemistry scheme was used, with the grid covering the whole of Europe ( Hanea et al. 2004 ). The complexity of the model and the large-scale properties make this application very interesting from the
-phase species. The modeled vertical profiles will also have some uncertainties given that the atmospheric Hg chemistry in the free troposphere is also uncertain. Aerosol liquid water content (LWC) is one of the parameters controlling gas-particle partitioning of oxidized Hg in the model, which is modeled as the uptake of GOM species to the aerosol aqueous phase by mass transfer ( Ye et al. 2016 ). Sensitivity simulations showed that varying the LWC has a strong effect on modeled GOM (supplemental section S
-phase species. The modeled vertical profiles will also have some uncertainties given that the atmospheric Hg chemistry in the free troposphere is also uncertain. Aerosol liquid water content (LWC) is one of the parameters controlling gas-particle partitioning of oxidized Hg in the model, which is modeled as the uptake of GOM species to the aerosol aqueous phase by mass transfer ( Ye et al. 2016 ). Sensitivity simulations showed that varying the LWC has a strong effect on modeled GOM (supplemental section S
Testing Atmospheric Oxidation in an Alabama Forest1. Introduction Copious emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) dictate the atmospheric chemical composition and chemistry in forests. During the day, these BVOCs are oxidized primarily through reactions with the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone (O 3 ), which leads to the production of many oxygen-containing volatile, semivolatile, and low-volatility compounds and secondary organic aerosol. Because forests blanket almost a third of the global land, understanding forest oxidation
1. Introduction Copious emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) dictate the atmospheric chemical composition and chemistry in forests. During the day, these BVOCs are oxidized primarily through reactions with the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone (O 3 ), which leads to the production of many oxygen-containing volatile, semivolatile, and low-volatility compounds and secondary organic aerosol. Because forests blanket almost a third of the global land, understanding forest oxidation
responsible for the changes. 2. Model and simulations Details of the new GFDL coupled chemistry–climate model, the Atmospheric Model with Transport and Chemistry (AMTRAC), are described in Austin et al. (2007) and Austin and Wilson (2006) . The model is an extension of the GFDL Atmospheric Model version 2 (AM2; GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team 2004 ). AMTRAC has 48 levels with the top at 0.002 hPa. The horizontal resolution is 2° latitude by 2.5° longitude. All of the physical and
responsible for the changes. 2. Model and simulations Details of the new GFDL coupled chemistry–climate model, the Atmospheric Model with Transport and Chemistry (AMTRAC), are described in Austin et al. (2007) and Austin and Wilson (2006) . The model is an extension of the GFDL Atmospheric Model version 2 (AM2; GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team 2004 ). AMTRAC has 48 levels with the top at 0.002 hPa. The horizontal resolution is 2° latitude by 2.5° longitude. All of the physical and
1. Introduction Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is produced by complex reactions involving volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and atmospheric oxidants in the presence of sunlight. Historically, chlorine emissions have not been included in photochemical models for air quality and, thus, the effects of such emissions on O 3 have been neglected. The effect of chlorine chemistry on O 3 has been studied as early as 1985 ( Hov 1985 ). The author used a photochemical model that
1. Introduction Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is produced by complex reactions involving volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and atmospheric oxidants in the presence of sunlight. Historically, chlorine emissions have not been included in photochemical models for air quality and, thus, the effects of such emissions on O 3 have been neglected. The effect of chlorine chemistry on O 3 has been studied as early as 1985 ( Hov 1985 ). The author used a photochemical model that
described here. Reactions with a sufficiently strong temperature sensitivity will also be influenced. For both chlorine-dependent and other reactions, continuing to investigate the impacts of zonally asymmetric circulation patterns on atmospheric chemistry is an area that is ripe for further research. Acknowledgments We acknowledge high-performance computing support from Cheyenne ( doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX ) provided by NCAR’s Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National
described here. Reactions with a sufficiently strong temperature sensitivity will also be influenced. For both chlorine-dependent and other reactions, continuing to investigate the impacts of zonally asymmetric circulation patterns on atmospheric chemistry is an area that is ripe for further research. Acknowledgments We acknowledge high-performance computing support from Cheyenne ( doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX ) provided by NCAR’s Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National
socioeconomic issues. However, to understand atmospheric chemistry in the region and its impacts on human health, ecosystems, and climate, it is of the utmost importance to address the heterogeneity of the LAC region’s physical and human geography ( Fig. 1 , left). For example, the climate of northern Mexico is hot and dry, while the climates of many Central America and Caribbean countries consist of a prolonged wet summer season that includes many tropical storms and hurricanes. Within South America the
socioeconomic issues. However, to understand atmospheric chemistry in the region and its impacts on human health, ecosystems, and climate, it is of the utmost importance to address the heterogeneity of the LAC region’s physical and human geography ( Fig. 1 , left). For example, the climate of northern Mexico is hot and dry, while the climates of many Central America and Caribbean countries consist of a prolonged wet summer season that includes many tropical storms and hurricanes. Within South America the
is mired with uncertainty, in part due to an inability to accurately predict the complex atmospheric processes that are responsible for and respond to pollution. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS) science topics were chosen to contribute to elucidation of these processes and feedbacks: 1) atmosphere–biosphere interactions, 2) nitrogen chemistry during the day and night, 3) anthropogenic emissions and the related trends in ambient concentrations, 4) atmospheric mercury, 5) gas-phase and
is mired with uncertainty, in part due to an inability to accurately predict the complex atmospheric processes that are responsible for and respond to pollution. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS) science topics were chosen to contribute to elucidation of these processes and feedbacks: 1) atmosphere–biosphere interactions, 2) nitrogen chemistry during the day and night, 3) anthropogenic emissions and the related trends in ambient concentrations, 4) atmospheric mercury, 5) gas-phase and
A Dynamic Link between Ice Nucleating Particles Released in Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol and Oceanic Biological Activity during Two Mesocosm ExperimentsPrecipitation . 2nd ed. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Services Library, Vol. 18, Springer, 954 pp. Quinn , P. K. , D. B. Collins , V. H. Grassian , K. A. Prather , and T. S. Bates , 2015 : Chemistry and related properties of freshly emitted sea spray aerosol . Chem. Rev. , 115 , 4383 – 4399 , doi: 10.1021/cr500713g . 10.1021/cr500713g Richardson , M. S. , and Coauthors , 2007 : Measurements of heterogeneous ice nuclei in the western United States in springtime and their relation to
Precipitation . 2nd ed. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Services Library, Vol. 18, Springer, 954 pp. Quinn , P. K. , D. B. Collins , V. H. Grassian , K. A. Prather , and T. S. Bates , 2015 : Chemistry and related properties of freshly emitted sea spray aerosol . Chem. Rev. , 115 , 4383 – 4399 , doi: 10.1021/cr500713g . 10.1021/cr500713g Richardson , M. S. , and Coauthors , 2007 : Measurements of heterogeneous ice nuclei in the western United States in springtime and their relation to
